Naeng/Classical

Classical Windermere
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Classical Windermere

Classical Windermere (CWdm, native name: băyrits Dămee /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: fi cduay Dămea Ăfur [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămee), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseer was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b~β/	d /d~ð/			g /g~ɣ/
	tenuis	p /p⁼/	t /t⁼/			c /k⁼/	' /ʔ/
	aspirated	φ /pʰ/	θ /tʰ/			χ /kʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̪/	tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative			s /s̪/	ł /s̺~ʂ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l/	y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels aa ee ii oo uu üü /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Modern Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

• th + fric → fric + t
  • θs → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèf → stèf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
  • θφ → φθ, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfi → tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
  • θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχa → răchta 'to die'
  • thł, thș → łt, șt
• ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
• s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
• rC, lC > Cr, Cl
• ps pn png → sp fn fng
• tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
• tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st

Sandhi table

Initial Consonant	Final Consonant
	f	p	b	m	th	t	d	n	ch	c	g	ng	s	ts	ł	tł	ș	h	'	l	r	w	y
f	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	f'	fl	fr	f	fy
p	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	pc	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	pl	pr	p	py
b	f	p	sp	fn	fth	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	bl	br	b	by
m	mf	mp/mb	mp/mb	m	mth	mt/md	mt/md	mn	mch	mc/mg	mc/mg	mng	ms	mts	mł	mtł	mș	mh	m'	ml	mr	m	my
th	ft	ft	sp	thm	th	t	st	thn	cht	cht	cht	thng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	thl	thr	thw	thy
t	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	tl	tr	tw	ty
d	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	d'	dl	dr	dw	dy
n	mp	mp	nf	nm	nth	nt	nt	nn	nch	ngc	ngc	nng	ns	nts	nł	ntł	nș	nth	n'	l	r	nw	ny
ch	chp	chp	chp	chm	cht	cht	cht	chn	ch	c	c	chng	chs	chts	chł	chtł	chș	cht	ch'	chl	chr	chw	chy
g	cp	cp	cp	cm	cht	cht	cht	gn	ch	g	c	cng	cs	cts	cł	ctł	cș	cht	g'	gl	gr	gw	gy
c
ng
s
ts
ł
tł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. e.g. *χăφol > căφol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Plurals

Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular plurals:

• cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

• drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

• croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'

Gender

Classical Windermere had grammatical gender, with masculine and feminine genders.

• For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: tge /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while trămaay /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.
• Exceptions were human nouns, for which the gender followed natural gender.
• Words with certain affixes such as hăl- or să- were also feminine.

Verbs

Trigger infixes and certain aspects had become derivational in Classical Windermere, but not other aspects or tenses.

Gender

The feminine agreement prefix u- (from Proto-Lakovic *wa-) goes before TAM markers:

• șroy 'pays' > ușroy
• emșroy 'paid' > umșroy
• șăyșroy 'pays again and again' > ușăyșroy
• tășașroy 'pays gradually' > utășașroy

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked
• perfective = marked with em-
• prospective = heφ- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = bla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic, habitual = marked with li-
• iterative = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.

• 1sg: rì
• 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
• 3sg: in (m), is (f)
• 1pl exclusive: tsa
• 1pl inclusive: bang
• 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
• 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Derivation

(Anything else?)

• *θ- (causative; denominal verbs)
• θu- = intensive
• pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
  • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Medieval păda, Modern pda)
  • tüθ (to grasp) -> pidüθ 'meaning, intention'
• ha- (passive)

Breathy voice

Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older which have lost their productivity:

• feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: snar < *snär 'catch', snaar < *snär-s 'trap, snare', which survives in Modern Wdm as snär.
• an infix *⟨H⟩ for verbs?

Sample texts

"The Round Table", from the Imθumăytil

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..." Łop emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

Gloss

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"

one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"

Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..."

in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"

then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"

Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"

Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"