Naeng/Classical

Classical Windermere
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Classical Windermere

Classical Windermere (CWdm, native name: băyrits Dămee /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: fi cduay Dămea Ăfur [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămee), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseer was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Classical Tseer words.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b~β/	d /d~ð/			g /g~ɣ/
	tenuis	p /p⁼/	t /t⁼/			c /k⁼/	' /ʔ/
	aspirated	φ /pʰ/	θ /tʰ/			χ /kʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̪/	tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative			s /s̪/	ł /s̺~ʂ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l/	y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had six vowels a e i o u ü /a ɛ i o u ü/ (ü was central unlike in Modern Windermere). It also had breathy voiced vowels aa ee ii oo uu üü /aʱ ɛʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ üʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Phonotactics

CWdm allowed initial bd bg db dg gb gd.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Modern Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

• th + fric → fric + t
  • θs → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèf → stèf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
  • θφ → φθ, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfi → tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
  • θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχa → răchta 'to die'
  • thł, thș → łt, șt
• ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
• s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
• rC, lC > Cr, Cl
• ps pn png → sp fn fng
• tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
• tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st

Sandhi table

Initial Consonant	Final Consonant
	f	p	b	m	th	t	d	n	ch	c	g	ng	s	ts	ł	tł	ș	h	'	l	r	w	y
f	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	f'	fl	fr	f	fy
p	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	pc	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	pl	pr	p	py
b	f	p	sp	fn	fth	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	bl	br	b	by
m	mf	mp/mb	mp/mb	m	mth	mt/md	mt/md	mn	mch	mc/mg	mc/mg	mng	ms	mts	mł	mtł	mș	mh	m'	ml	mr	m	my
th	ft	ft	sp	thm	th	t	st	thn	cht	cht	cht	thng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	thl	thr	thw	thy
t	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	tl	tr	tw	ty
d	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	d'	dl	dr	dw	dy
n	mp	mp	nf	nm	nth	nt	nt	nn	nch	ngc	ngc	nng	ns	nts	nł	ntł	nș	nth	n'	l	r	nw	ny
ch	chp	chp	chp	chm	cht	cht	cht	chn	ch	c	c	chng	chs	chts	chł	chtł	chș	cht	ch'	chl	chr	chw	chy
g	cp	cp	cp	cm	cht	cht	cht	gn	ch	g	c	cng	cs	cts	cł	ctł	cș	cht	g'	gl	gr	gw	gy
c
ng
s
ts
ł
tł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. e.g. *χăφol > căφol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Plurals

Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular plurals:

• cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

• drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

• croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'

Gender

Classical Windermere had grammatical gender, with masculine and feminine genders.

• For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: tge /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while trămaay /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.
• Exceptions were human nouns, for which the gender followed natural gender.
• Words with certain affixes
  • Words with the nominalizer ⟨ăy⟩ were masculine.
  • Words with nominalizers hăl- or să- were feminine.

Verbs

Trigger infixes and certain aspects had become derivational in Classical Windermere, but not other aspects or tenses.

Gender

The feminine agreement prefix u- (wă- before a single consonant that is not the glottal stop; from Proto-Lakovic *ʔu-) goes before TAM markers:

• șroy 'pays' > ușroy
• emșroy 'paid' > umșroy
• tășăyșroy 'pays in installments' > wătășăyșroy

Tense

Verbs have the following principal parts: present, past, imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. The exact paradigm depends on the verb.

An example paradigm:

• Present: plang 'stands'; feminine uplang
• Past: plaang 'stood' (ablaut, from PLak *-H for perfective); feminine uplaang
• Future: hepălang 'will stand' (from heφ- future tense marker + nominal grade pälŋ of root √pläŋ); feminine wepalang
• Imperative/Subjunctive: plang 'stand! that X stand'; feminine uplang
• Verbal noun: pălang (from the nominal grade)

Personal pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns, possessive pronouns, and inflected prepositions.

Independent pronouns

The independent pronouns were used as subjects and direct objects.

• 1sg: rii
• 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
• 3sg: in (m), is (f)
• 1pl exclusive: tsa
• 1pl inclusive: bang
• 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
• 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns preceded the noun, unlike genitive nouns.

• 1sg: ri
• 2sg: łin (m), łis (f)
• 3sg: ăn (m), ăs (f)
• 1pl exclusive: tsă
• 1pl inclusive: su (from a fossilized seew 'here')
• 2pl: łăm (both m and f)
• 3pl: năm (m), săm (f)

Prepositions

Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like Tigol and most modern Talmic languages and unlike Modern Windermere. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected.

The regular pronominal affixes:

• 1sg: -ir
• 2sg: -eł (m), -łes (f)
• 3sg: -in (m), -is (f)
• 1pl.ex: -ats
• 1pl.in: -ang
• 2pl: -łam (both genders)
• 3pl: -nam (m), -sam (f)

Examples:

• mi 'in, at': mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mits, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam
• șa 'to, for': șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șats, șang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam
• φa 'from': ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχats, ăχang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam

Derivation

(Anything else?)

• *θ-/θă- (causative; denominal verbs)
• θu- = intensive
• pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
  • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Medieval păda, Modern pda)
  • tüθ (to grasp) -> pidüθ 'meaning, intention'
• ha- (passive)

Breathy voice

Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older which have lost their productivity:

• feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: snar < *snär 'catch', snaar < *snär-s 'trap, snare', which survives in Modern Wdm as snär.
• an infix *⟨H⟩ for verbs?

Aktionsart

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked
• perfective = marked with em-
• prospective = heφ- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = bla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic, habitual = marked with li-
• iterative = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Sample texts

"The Round Table", from the Imθumăytil

The following story is from the Imθumăytil, a major Talman religious text.

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..." Łop emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

Gloss

Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"

one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"

Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..."

in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"

then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"

Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"

Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"

PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us.EXC all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"

Poetry

Early Classical Windermere poetry

Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the Imθumăytil, used a form of cynghanedd (some sequence of sounds appearing in the same order in the two parts of a line), instead of rhyme or metrical feet.

Later Classical Windermere poetry

Classical Tseer poetry, which used rhyme, introduced rhyme and meter (number of syllables per line and caesura placement) to later Windermere poetry; different meters were deemed appropriate for different contexts.

Some common meters were:

• the 4+4 octosyllable meter (χăynung slămaaχ),
• the 4+6 decasyllable meter (χăynung slămaaχ te tălaχ),
• the 5+5 decasyllable,
• the 6+4 decasyllable.