Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


The '''Hlou-Shum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Lloo-Xwm''; [[Hlou]]: ''Schmë Ntzog Schlaub-Xul''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloobh-Xoo'') are a small family of languages native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of IE languages recast as Hmong-like languages. Hlou-Shum languages had much more importance in the past, but today [[Tergetian]] and [[Rhythoed]] are more dominant in Bjeheond.
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more
 
==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') <!-- schm-reduplication -->
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
**[[Shum]] (''llhau syuun'')
**Shumic
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') <!-- "murder of crows" -->
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
**[[Liai]] (''hmyg Liaid'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμωωβ Τλωδ)
**[[Vreeden]]


===Timeline===
===Timeline===
Line 16: Line 18:


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ku and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The following presents Schngellstein's reconstruction of Proto-Hlou-Shum.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
The typical Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure


(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C)<sup>tone</sup>.
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C).


Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.


===Initials===
===Initials===
*p t ṭ ḱ k ʔ
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*np nt nṭ nḱ nk
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d ḍ ǵ g
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*nb nd nḍ nǵ ng
*f θ s x h
*f v z s x h (z, s, x as in Basque)
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*tz ts tx
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*ntz nts ntx
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
*dz ds dx
*ndz nds ndx
*m n ṇ ń y r l w


s-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants


Ku and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.


===Nuclei===
===Nuclei===
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə - a few more vowels for Liai
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
 
Nasal vowels?


===Coda===
===Coda===
Allowed finals: just -ŋ, -k, -h, -ʔ  
Allowed finals:  
*-p -t -k  
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s


Cheshirized grammatical particles -> lenition, eclipsis in Ku
===Tones===
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k


===Tones===
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
3 tones: -0, -H, -X


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
===Reduplication===
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
TODO: preinitial prefixes
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
*{{angbr|l}} infix?
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
*n- preinitial
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
*r- preinitial
*D- preinitial (dentalizes some consonants in Shum)
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial  
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial


==Reflexes==
==Reflexes==
===Initials===
=== Hlou ===
====Hlou====
==== Initials ====
pr, br > pʂ > pf in Hlou
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
 
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants


kr, gr > sch in Hlou
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl


tr, dr > tr, dr in Hlou
-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
! B (5/27)
| ''-n'' (12%)
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
! C (5/27)
| ''-s'' (12%)
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
! D (4/27)
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
! E (3/27)
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}


sp, st, sT/str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schnr, schl, schr, sch
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:


stz sts stx > tz ts tx
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)


====Shum====
===Shum===
s- triggers tone split
s- triggers tone split


Line 101: Line 172:
f > h
f > h


===Rimes===
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
===Tones===
 
====Hlou====
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
*-H > -n
 
*-ʔ (unmarked tone), -X > -b
x > tl
 
z > ś, s > s
 
k' > ś, g' > jh
 
*kw > p
*gw > v > vh in shum
*w > w > v in shum
 
==Sample==
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''
 
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 05:02, 29 November 2024

Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum (Hlou: Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön; Ko: lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo) is a placeholder name for a language family that includes Hlou. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, Proto-Hlou-Shum (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. TODO: actually look at OC more

Family tree

  • Proto-Hlou-Shum
    • Hlou (Ntzog Schlaub)
    • Shumic
      • Shum (lhàu śúṃ)
    • Ko (lees ndoigh Komh)
    • Tlu (χμῶ Τλὣ)
    • Liai (hmỳ Liaĩ)
    • Clooa (Mois de la Crouet)

Timeline

Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP

Writing system

Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.

Phonology

Phonotactics

A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure

(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C).

Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.

Initials

  • p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
  • bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
  • b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
  • f θ s x h
  • F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
  • m n ń ŋ y r l w
  • M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts

θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants

Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.

Nuclei

a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə

Coda

Allowed finals:

  • -p -t -k
  • -mp -nt -nk
  • -m -n -l -w -y
  • -ʔ -s
  • nasal + s or ʔ
  • plosive + s

Tones

PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:

  • A: -0, -N, -l
  • B: -ʔ
  • C: -s
  • D: -t
  • E: -p, -k

The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.

Grammar

Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.

Reduplication

Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.

Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.

Derivation

Sometimes two prefixes could be used.

  • s-: nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
    • louʔ 'spring (season)' > slouʔ 'springlike, where there is spring'
  • -ʔ: nominalization
    • lou 'to plant' > louʔ 'spring (season)'
  • m- preinitial
  • r- preinitial
    • lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
  • θ- preinitial
    • changes some consonants in Shum
    • maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial

Reflexes

Hlou

Initials

Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)

  • ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
  • pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
  • npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
  • bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
  • nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
  • fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
  • tzl tsl > tz ts
  • ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
  • dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
  • ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
  • ml nl > ml nl
  • pr, br > pf, v
  • kr, gr > sch
  • tr, dr > tr, dr
  • sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
  • sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
  • stz sts stx > tz ts tx

The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants

The r-preinitial (some koineization)

  • r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
  • r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
  • r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
  • r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
  • r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
  • r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
  • r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
  • r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
  • r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl

-k > glottal stop final

Tones

Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?

Tone class Voiceless initial (5/8) Voiced initial (3/8)
A (10/27) -b (23%) -0 (14%)
B (5/27) -n (12%) -s (6.9%)
C (5/27) -s (12%) -g (6.9%)
D (4/27) -ß (9.3%) -d (5.6%)
E (3/27) -hn (6.9%) -h (4.2%)

Among non-E syllables the distribution is:

b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)

Shum

s- triggers tone split

b p > bh p

sb sp > b p

np nb > b mh

spr pr > ph p

sbr br > bh bh

nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh

l > l, D.l > ll

f > h

Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh

f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh

x > tl

z > ś, s > s

k' > ś, g' > jh

  • kw > p
  • gw > v > vh in shum
  • w > w > v in shum

Sample

ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp

The Sheep and the Horses

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