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Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=[[User:Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
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|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|date=2020
|date=2020
|iso3=jugs
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy
|map=File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|map=File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg
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Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.


/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").
 
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! -j
! -v
|-
! i-
| —
| ju
|-
! í/ī-
| —
| jːu, i.ju
|-
! u-
| wi
| —
|-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| —
|-
! e-
| ei̯, e̞i̯
| eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
|-
! é/ē-
| eːi̯, e̞ːi̯
| eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
|-
! o-
| oi̯, ɤ(i̯)
| ou̯, o̞u̯
|-
! ó/ō-
| oːi̯, ɤː(i̯)
| oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
|-
! a-
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
|-
! á/ā-
| äːi̯
| ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯
|-
|}


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=avlj|avl|ovl|mean=}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=}}


======Feminine patterns======
======Feminine patterns======
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feminine ō-stem:
feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=}}


feminine ōn-stem
feminine ōn-stem
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=arrow}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=icy land|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
 
===Adjectives===
{{Jugsnorsk adj|lem=sý|sél|1l=sǿ|1lj=sý}}
 
===Pronouns===
{{Jugsnorsk pronouns}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-|1j=bǿ(g)j-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav}}
''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va''
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|m= - "to have"|'v}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
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The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
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Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari vaji sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sélā''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿð''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.


==Texts==
==Texts==
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'''Jugsnorsk''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


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| bein
| bein
| bēn
| bēn
| bḗ
| bén
| bein
| bein
| ben
| ben
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|-
|-
|15||name
|15||name
|
| nafn
|  
| nafn (naβn?)
|
| navn
|
| nafn
| namn
|-
|-
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
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| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)
| hán (c)</br></br>þat (n)
|
| hann (m)</br>hún (f)</br>það (n)
|
| han (m)</br>hon (f)</br>det (n)
|-
|-
|36||to hit/beat
|36||to hit/beat
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|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
|
| fiskr
|  
| fiskʀ
|
| feskj²
|
| fiskur
| fisk
|-
|-
|41||yesterday
|41||yesterday
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| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi, ekki
| eigi, ekki</br>
| ej, icke
| ej, icke</br>
|-
|-
|57||good
|57||good
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|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīð³ (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| </br>skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| </br>skinn (general)</br>hud
|-
|-
|69||to suck
|69||to suck
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#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic
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