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Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  


The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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! í/ī-
! í/ī-
| —
| —
| jːu, i.ju
| ʏy̯
|-
|-
! u-
! u-
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|-
|-
! ú/ū-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| ʏy̯
| —
| —
|-
|-
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! a-
! a-
| äi̯
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
|-
|-
! á/ā-
! á/ā-
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=5 | consonants
|-
|-
! Letter
! colspan=2 | Letter
! IPA
! colspan=4 | IPA
|-
|-
| A a
! Cyrillic
| ɐ
! Latin
|-
! plain
| Á á
! with -s
| ɐu
! with s-
! with -f
|-
|-
| Б б
| B b
| B b
| b
| b
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| Д д
| D d
| D d
| d
| d
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| E e
| Ф ф
| e̞
|-
| É é
| e̞i
|-
| F f
| F f
| f
| f
| colspan=2 | h
| f(ː)
|-
|-
| Г г
| G g
| G g
| ɡ
| ɡ
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| Х х
| H h
| H h
| x
| x
| colspan=3 | h(ː)
|-
|-
| I i
| Й й
| i
|-
| Í í
| ɪi
|-
| J j
| J j
| j
| j
| is~ç
| sʲ~ç
| ç
|-
|-
| К к
| K k
| K k
| k
| k
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| Л л
| L l
| L l
| l
| l
| colspan=3 | l̥~u
|-
|-
| М м
| M m
| M m
| m
| m
| colspan=3 | m̥
|-
|-
| Н н
| N n
| N n
| n
| n
| colspan=3 | n̥
|-
|-
| O o
| П п
| o̞
|-
| Ó ó
| o̞u
|-
| P p
| P p
| p
| p
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| Р р
| R r
| R r
| r
| r
| r̥
| r̥~tʰ
| r̥
|-
|-
| С с
| S s
| S s
| s
| s
| colspan=2 | s(ː)
| ʃ
|-
|-
| Т т
| T t
| T t
| t
| t
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| U u
| В в
| ʊ
|-
| Ú ú
| ʊu
|-
| V v
| V v
| ʋ
| ʋ
| colspan=2 | f
| ʋː~uʋ
|-
|-
| Y y
| Ц ц
| ʏ
| Z z
|-
| Ý ý
| ʏy
|-
| (Z z)
| tʰ
| tʰ
| colspan=3 | —
|-
|-
| Ø ø
| rowspan=2 | Д̆ д̆
| ø̞
|-
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
|-
| Þ þ
| Þ þ
| θ
| θ
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| Ð ð
| Ð ð
| ð
| ð
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=8 | vowels
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Letter
! colspan=5 | IPA
! style="width: 75px;" rowspan=3 | Notes
|-
! colspan=2 | stressed
! colspan=2 | unstressed
! rowspan=2 | new long
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin
! plain
! old long
! plain
! old long
|-
| А а
| A a
| ɑ
| ɐu̯
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑː
|-
| Э э
| E e
| e
| e̞i̯
| ɛ
| e
| eː
|-
| Я я
| Ę ę
| ɛ
| ɛy̯
| —
| —
| ɛː
| ę́ is the only sound in Jugsnorsk with mixed rounding.
|-
| И и
| I i
| i
| ɪi̯
| ɪ
| i
| iː
|-
| О о
| O o
| o
| o̞u̯
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
| Ө ө
| Ǫ ǫ
| ɔ
| o̞u̯
| —
| —
| ɔː
| ǫ́ is identical to ó in sound
|-
| У у
| U u
| u
| ʊu̯
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
| Ӱ ӱ
| Y y
| y
| ʏy̯
| ʏ
| y
| yː
|-
| Ӧ ӧ
| Ø ø
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| œ
| ø
| øˑ
|-
|}
|}


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:Extensive use of ligatures
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")


===Runic script===
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.
 
The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
 
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")


This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).
As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').
 
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
 
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.


In the 1950's, a shift occurred that led to the development of the Jugsnorsk neo-vocative through degrading ''je'' into the modern ''{{term|j'}}'', which, with the way it acts, is essentially a case prefix.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|úv|1l=ú}}




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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]  
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation,  lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.]]  
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
'''Original (OEN)''':
'''Original (OEN)''':
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'''Jugsnorsk''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds
::[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.
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|}
|}


#Not cognate
#"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
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