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Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  


The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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! í/ī-
! í/ī-
| —
| —
| jːu, i.ju
| ʏy̯
|-
|-
! u-
! u-
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|-
|-
! ú/ū-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| ʏy̯
| —
| —
|-
|-
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! a-
! a-
| äi̯
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
|-
|-
! á/ā-
! á/ā-
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=5 | consonants
|-
|-
! Letter
! rowspan=2 | Letter
! IPA
! colspan=4 | IPA
|-
|-
| A a
! plain
| ɐ
! with -s
|-
! with s-
| Á á
! with -f
| ɐu
|-
|-
| B b
| B b
| b
| b
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| D d
| D d
| d
| d
|-
| colspan=3 | tʰ
| E e
| e̞
|-
| É é
| e̞i
|-
|-
| F f
| F f
| f
| f
| colspan=2 | h
| f(ː)
|-
|-
| G g
| G g
| ɡ
| ɡ
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| H h
| H h
| x
| x
|-
| colspan=3 | h(ː)
| I i
| i
|-
| Í í
| ɪi
|-
|-
| J j
| J j
| j
| j
| is~ç
| sʲ~ç
| ç
|-
|-
| K k
| K k
| k
| k
| colspan=3 | kʰ
|-
|-
| L l
| L l
| l
| l
| colspan=3 | l̥~u
|-
|-
| M m
| M m
| m
| m
| colspan=3 | m̥
|-
|-
| N n
| N n
| n
| n
|-
| colspan=3 | n̥
| O o
| o̞
|-
| Ó ó
| o̞u
|-
|-
| P p
| P p
| p
| p
| colspan=3 | pʰ
|-
|-
| R r
| R r
| r
| r
| r̥
| r̥~tʰ
| r̥
|-
|-
| S s
| S s
| s
| s
| colspan=2 | s(ː)
| ʃ
|-
|-
| T t
| T t
| t
| t
|-
| colspan=3 | tʰ
| U u
| ʊ
|-
| Ú ú
| ʊu
|-
|-
| V v
| V v
| ʋ
| ʋ
| colspan=2 | f
| ʋː~uʋ
|-
|-
| Y y
| Z z
| ʏ
|-
| Ý ý
| ʏy
|-
| (Z z)
| tʰ
| tʰ
|-
| colspan=3 | —
| Ø ø
| ø̞
|-
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
|-
|-
| Þ þ
| Þ þ
| θ
| θ
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|-
|-
| Ð ð
| Ð ð
| ð
| ð
| colspan=3 | tʰ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=8 | vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 | Letter
! colspan=5 | IPA
|-
! colspan=2 | stressed
! colspan=2 | unstressed
! rowspan=2 | new long
|-
! plain
! old long
! plain
! old long
|-
| A a
| ɑ
| ɐu̯
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑː
|-
| E e
| e
| e̞i̯
| ɛ
| e
| eː
|-
| I i
| i
| ɪi̯
| ɪ
| i
| iː
|-
| O o
| o
| o̞u̯
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
| U u
| u
| ʊu̯
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
| Y y
| y
| ʏy̯
| ʏ
| y
| yː
|-
| Ø ø
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| œ
| ø
| øˑ
|-
|}
|}


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:Extensive use of ligatures
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")


===Runic script===
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.
 
The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
 
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")


This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').
As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').


Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages, though it is far more progressed than many of them, having undergone the change in pronouns as well.


====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|úv|1l=ú}}




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|}
|}


#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
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