Solerian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(86 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image = soler.png
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Solerian
|name = Solerian
|nativename = Sol·eя
|nativename = Սօլէ́ր<br />Soléṟ
|pronunciation = /sol.eɹ/
|pronunciation = solˈeɹ
|region =
|created = 2013
|states =
|speakers = None
|date = 2013
|familycolor = conlang
|familycolor = conlang
|iso1 = -
|fam1 = Engineered language
|iso2 = -
|fam2    = Experimental language
|iso3 = -
|script1        = Armn
|script        = [[w:Alphabets_derived_from_the_Latin|Latin-derived script]]
|script2      = Latn
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
|creator = [[User:Newrhotic|Newrhotic]]
|creator = [[User:Newrhotic|Newrhotic]]
|posteriori = [[a priori|a priori]]
}}
}}


'''Sol·eя''', /solˈeɹ/, (romanized as '''Soler''') or '''Solerian''' is a highly alveolarized language, with a moderately large consonant inventory, and 15 grammatical cases. It is spoken by no one as it is still under construction and, for the same reasons, it has no native speakers. Its origin traces back to January 2013 and it still has a long way to go. Its bigger peculiarity might be the presence of speech function markers (statement/question/command/offer/irony) realized by click consonants.
'''Solerian''' (''Armenian'': '''Սօլէ́ր''', ''Latin'': '''Soléṟ''', [[IPA for Solerian|/solˈeɹ/]]) is a highly alveolarized language, with a moderately large consonant inventory, and 15 grammatical cases. It is spoken by no one as it is still under construction and, for the same reasons, it has no native speakers. Its origin traces back to January 2013 and it still has a long way to go. Its bigger peculiarity might be the presence of speech function markers (statement/question/command/offer/irony) realized by click consonants.


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 119: Line 117:
-->
-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants and Semi-vowels===
===Consonants and semi-vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; "|Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; "|Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; "|Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |''Lateral''
! style="width: 68px; " |''Lateral''
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m
| m
|  
|  
Line 141: Line 136:
|  
|  
| ɲ
| ɲ
| [ŋ]
|  
|  
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p · b
|  
|  
| d̪
| t
|  
|  
|  
| ɟ
| k · g
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| p · b
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t · d
|  
|  
| tʃ
| k · g
|  
|  
| ʔ
| t͡ʃ
| [ɟ͡ʝ]
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|  
|  
| f · v
| f  
| θ
| θ
| s
| s · [z]
| ʃ
| ʃ
| ʝ
|
| χ
| h
|  
|  
| x
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|  
| w · [β̞]
|
|  
|  
| [ð̞]
| ɹ
| ɹ
|  
|  
| j
| j
|  
| [ɣ̞]
|
|
| w
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Trill
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 192: Line 185:
| r
| r
|  
|  
|
|
| ʀ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 208: Line 198:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| l
| l
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 232: Line 215:
|  
|  
| ǂ
| ǂ
|
|
|
|  
|  
| ǁ
| ǁ
|-
|}
|}


Line 244: Line 223:
The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as approximants (namely [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞], hereafter represented without the undertack) or fricatives in all places except after a pause, after a nasal consonant, or —in the case of /d/— after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.
The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as approximants (namely [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞], hereafter represented without the undertack) or fricatives in all places except after a pause, after a nasal consonant, or —in the case of /d/— after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.


The phoneme /n/ is realized as a voiced velar nasal [ŋ] before velar /k/, /g/ or uvular /χ/, /ʀ/.
The phoneme /n/ is realized as a voiced velar nasal [ŋ] before velar /k/, /g/ and /x/.
 
The phoneme /ɟ/ is realized as an plosive in all contexts except after a pause, a nasal, or a lateral. In these environments, it may be realized as an affricate ([ɟʝ]).


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
====Short vowels====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
! style="width: 75px; "|
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
! style="width: 75px; " |Front
||
! style="width: 75px; " |Central
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
! style="width: 75px; " |Back
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
 
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
 
 
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.5%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ə</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
 
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29.5%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɛ</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
 
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:66.9%; width:1em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ä</div>
 
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
| i
|
| u
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
| e̞
|
| o̞
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
| ɛ
| ə
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|
| ä
|
|}
|}


====Dipthongs====
===Dipthongs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="6" | Falling
! colspan="6" | Falling
Line 281: Line 290:
|{{IPA|[äj]}}||''€€''||'€'||{{IPA|[äw]}}||''€€''||'€'
|{{IPA|[äj]}}||''€€''||'€'||{{IPA|[äw]}}||''€€''||'€'
|-
|-
|{{IPA|[e̞j]}} || ''€€''||'€'||{{IPA|[e̞w]}}||''€€''||'€'
|{{IPA|[e̞j]}} || ''sáṟdejp''||'infinite'||{{IPA|[e̞w]}}||''€€''||'€'
|-
|-
|{{IPA|[o̞j]}} || ''€€''||'€'||{{IPA|[o̞w]}}||''€''||'€'
|{{IPA|[o̞j]}} || ''naṙój''||'sadness'||{{IPA|[o̞w]}}||''€''||'€'
|-
|-
|{{IPA|[uj]}} || ''€€''||'€'||colspan="3"|
|{{IPA|[uj]}} || ''€€''||'€'||colspan="3"|
Line 300: Line 309:
|}
|}


====Hiatus====
===Phonotactics===


€€€€€€€€€€€€€
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->


===Phonotactics===


€€€€€€€€€€€€
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
!  colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Onset'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|'''Core'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Coda'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Coda II'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(C<sub>1</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(C<sub>2</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(SV<sub>1</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''V'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(SV<sub>2</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(C<sub>3</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''(C<sub>2</sub>)'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''-(V<sub>n</sub>)'''
|-
|b
|l/ṙ/ṟ
|rowspan="20" style="text-align: center;" | j/w
|rowspan="20" style="text-align: center;" | a/e/i/o/u
|rowspan="20" style="text-align: center;" | j/w
|€
|€
|rowspan="20" style="text-align: center; background: #F0F8FF" | ɛ/ə
|-
| colspan="2" | c
|
|
|-
| d
|l/ṙ/ṟ
|
|
|-
| f
|l/r/ṙ/ṟ
|
|
|-
| g
|l/n/ṙ/ṟ
|
|
|-
| k
|l/n/r/ṙ/ṟ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | l
|
|
|-
| m
|l
| m
|
|-
| colspan="2" | n
| n
|
|-
| colspan="2" | ñ
|
|
|-
| p
|f/l/r/ṙ/ṟ/s/š
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | r
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | ṙ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | ṟ
|
|
|-
| s
|l/p/ṟ/t
|
|
|-
| š
|l/r/ṙ/ṟ
|
|
|-
| t
|l/r/ṙ/ṟ/s
|t
|l/s
|-
| colspan="2" | x
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | y
|
|
|-
| z
|ṙ
|
|
|-
|}


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 70 px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 70px; "| Grapheme
! Ա ա !! Է է !! Ի ի !! Օ օ !! Ո ո !! Ե ե !! Ը ը !! Յ յ !! Ւ ւ
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Name
| այբ ''ajb'' || է ''e'' || ի́նի ''íni'' || օ ''o'' || բո ''bu'' || յէճ ''jec'' || էտ ''et'' || յի ''ji'' || ւին ''win''
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Pronunciation
| /ä/ || /e̞/ || /i/ || /o̞/ || /u/ || /ɛ/ || /ə/ || /j/ || /w/
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Transliteration
! A a !! E e !! I i !! O o !! U u !! Ɛ ɛ !! Ə ə !! J j !! W w
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200 px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 70px; "| Grapheme
! Բ բ !! Ճ ճ !! Դ դ !! Ֆ ֆ !! Գ գ !! Կ կ !! Լ լ !! Մ մ !! Ն ն !! Ժ ժ !! Պ պ !! Ռ ռ !! Ղ ղ !! Ր ր !! Ս ս !! Շ շ !! Տ տ !! Խ խ !! Ջ ջ !! Ց ց
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Name
| բէն ''ben'' || ճէ ''ce'' || դա ''da'' || ֆէ ''fe'' || գիմ ''gim'' || կէն ''ken'' || լյոն ''ljun'' || մէն ''men'' || նո ''nu'' || ժէ ''ñe'' || պէ ''pe'' || ռա ''ra'' || ղատ ''ṙat'' || րէ ''ṟe'' || սէ ''se'' || շա ''ša'' || տյոն ''tjun'' || խէ ''xe'' || ջա ''ya'' || ցօ ''zo''
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Pronunciation
| /b/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /d/ || /f/ || /g/ || /k/ || /l/ || /m/ || /n/ || /ɲ/ || /p/ || /r/ || /ɾ/ || /ɹ/ || /s/ || /∫/ || /t/ || /x/ || /ɟ/ || /θ/
|-
! style="width: 70px; "| Transliteration
! B b !! C c !! D d !! F f !! G g !! K k  !! L l !! M m !! N n !! Ñ ñ !! P p !! R r !! Ṙ ṙ !! Ṟ ṟ !! S s !! Š š !! T t !! X x !! Y y !! Z z
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Grapheme'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Grapheme'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Name'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Name'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Pronunciation'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Pronunciation'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Further information'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Transliteration'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Use'''
|-
|-
|A, a
!ՙ
|A
|պան<br>''pan''
|[ä]
| /ʘ/
| -
!*
|Statement marker (emphatic)
|-
!՞
|կլօն<br>''klon''
|/!/
!?
|Question marker
|-
! ՜
|տէն<br>''ten''
| /ǀ/
!!
|Command marker
|-
!՛
|ճիմ<br>''cim''
| /ǁ/
!#
|Suggestion marker
|-
! ՟ 
|ջէն<br>''yen''
| /ǂ/
!⸮
|Irony marker
|}
 
==Morphology==
In Solerian, as well as in the rest of languages, there are different types of words: ''Nouns, adjetives, verbs…''
 
===Nouns===
 
Nouns are words used to designate people, animals, ideas, concepts and so on.
Some examples:
 
* '''€€€''': house
* '''€€€''': child
* '''€€€''': freedom
 
There are two kinds of names:
 
* Common nouns: €€€
* Proper nouns: €€€
 
==Grammar==
 
===Gender and number===
 
Nouns in Solerian can be '''abstract''', '''inanimate''', or '''animate'''.
 
* '''Abstract gender''' englobes ideas, actions or abstractions: ''race'', ''jump'', ''freedom''.
* '''Inanimate gender''' refers to tangible non-living beings: ''stone'', ''sun'', ''window''.
* '''Animate gender''' unites living beings: ''bird'', ''person'', ''doctor''.
** Although it is not required, '''sex''' can be specified by adding to the noun the suffix ''-ə'' for masculine, and ''-ɛ'' for femenine nouns.
 
Regarding number, there are three categories nouns can fall in:
* '''Singular''', portraying only one entity: ''The car'', ''a cat''.
* '''Dual''', for natural pairs: ''eyes'', ''the couple'', ''a pair of trousers''.
* '''Plural''', for two or more entities: ''The cars'', ''four women''.
 
===Personal pronouns===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Singular personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
|Æ, æ
!rowspan="3"|
|Æß
!rowspan="3"|Abstract
|[ɛ]
!rowspan="3"|Inanimate
| Only used in femenine gendered nouns
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Animate'''
 
|-
|-
|B, b
!rowspan="2"|'''Unspecified'''
|Bej
!colspan="2"|'''Gender'''
|[b]
| -
|-
|-
|C, c
!'''Masculine'''
|Cej
!'''Femenine'''
|[tʃ]
|
|-
|-
|D, d
!Zero person
|Dej
| Lo
|[d]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
|E, e
!First person
|E
|[e̞]
| -
| -
| -
| Ale
| Alə
| Alɛ
|-
|-
|F, f
!Second person
|Fej
| -
|[f]
| -
| -
| Bale
| Balə
| Balɛ
|-
!Third person
| Calo
| Cali
| Cale
| Calə
| Calɛ
|-
|-
|G, g
!Fourth person
|Gej
| -
|[g]
| -
| Dale
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
|H, h
|}
|Hej
 
|[h]
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Dual personal pronouns'''
|-
!rowspan="1"|
!rowspan="1"|Abstract
!rowspan="1"|Inanimate
!rowspan="1"|Animate
|-
!First person
| -
| -
| -
| Alele
|-
|-
|I, i
!Second person
|I
| -
|[i]
| -
| -
| Balele
|-
!Third person
| Calolo
| Calili
| Calele
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Plural personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
|J, j
!colspan="2"|
|Jaw
!rowspan="1"|Abstract
|[j]
!rowspan="1"|Inanimate
|Semi-vowel
!rowspan="1"|Animate
|-
|-
|K, k
! rowspan=2 |First person
|Kaw
!scope="row"|''Exclusive''
|[k]
| -
| -
| -
| Aleßv
|-
|-
|L, l
!scope="row"|''Inclusive''
|Lej
|[l]
| -
| -
| -
| Abaleßv
|-
|-
|M, m
!colspan="2"|Second person
|Mej
| -
|[m]
| -
| -
| Baleßv
|-
!colspan="2"|Third person
| Caloßv
| Calißv
| Caleßv
|}
===Numerals===
Solerial numeral system is heavily decimal. Numbers are arranged in sets:
* '''Pom''': numbers from 0 to 9.
* '''Daki''': sets of ten, or denaries (all the x*10 numbers).
* '''Fentv''': sets of hundred (all the x*10<sup>2</sup> numbers).
* '''Иare''': sets of thousand (all the x*10<sup>3</sup> numbers).
* '''Xvsti''': sets of million (all the x*10<sup>6</sup> numbers).
* '''Яaze''': sets of trillion (all the x*10<sup>12</sup> numbers).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
!rowspan="1"|''Pom'' numbers
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
!rowspan="1"|''Daki'' numbers
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
!rowspan="1"|''Fentv'' numbers
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
|-
|-
|N, n
!  0
|Naw
| ṙajni
|[n]
| -
! colspan="1"| -
| -
| -
! colspan="1"| -
| -
| -
|-
|И, и
|Иaw
|[n]
| -
| -
|-
|-
|O, o
!  1
|O
| tṙepye(pom)
|[o̞]
| tṙepyepono
| -
! colspan="1"| 10
| tṙepyedaki
| tṙepyedakigi
! colspan="1"| 100
| tṙepyefentv
| tṙepyefentvdv
|-
|-
|Œ, œ
!  2
|Χ
| ganse(pom)
|[ə]
| gansepono
| Only used in masculine gendered nouns
! colspan="1"| 20
| gansedaki
| gansedakigi
! colspan="1"| 200
| gansefentv
| gansefentvdv
|-
|-
|P, p
!  3
|Paw
| likli(pom)
|[p]
| liklipono
| -
! colspan="1"| 30
| liklidaki
| liklidakigi
! colspan="1"| 300
| liklifentu
| liklifentvdv
|-
|-
|R, r
!  4
|Riaw
| flastez(pom)
|[r]
| flastezpono
|Trilled
! colspan="1"| 40
| '''flastesdaki'''
| '''flastesdakigi'''
! colspan="1"| 400
| flastezfentv
| flastezfentvdv
|-
|-
|Ꝛ, r
!  5
|Eꝛaw
| bostaṙ(pom)
|[ɾ]
| bostaṙpono
|Flapped/Tapped
! colspan="1"| 50
| bostaṙdaki
| bostaṙdakigi
! colspan="1"| 500
| bostaṙfentv
| bostaṙfentvdv
|-
|-
|Я, я
!  6
|Яaw
| kortet(pom)
|[ɹ]
| kortetpono
|Rhotic
! colspan="1"| 60
| '''kortetaki'''
| '''kortetakigi'''
! colspan="1"| 600
| kortetfentv
| kortetfentvdv
|-
|-
|Ʀ, ʀ
!  7
|Ʀaw
| иvsi(pom)
|[ʀ]
| иvsipono
|Uvular
! colspan="1"| 70
| иvsidaki
| иvsidakigi
! colspan="1"| 700
| иvsifevtv
| иvsifentvdv
|-
|-
|S, s
!  8
|Sej
| lolto(pom)
|[s]
| loltopono
| -
! colspan="1"| 80
| loltodaki
| loltodakigi
! colspan="1"| 800
| loltofentv
| loltofentudv
|-
|-
|ẞ, ß
!  9
|ẞaw
| nuarif(pom)
|[∫]
| nuarifpono
| -
! colspan="1"| 90
| nuarifdaki
| nuarifdakigi
! colspan="1"| 900
| '''nuarifentv'''
| '''nuarifentvdv'''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
|-
|T, t
!rowspan="1"|''Иare'' numbers
|Taw
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
|[t]
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
| -
!rowspan="1"|''Xvsti'' numbers
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
!rowspan="1"|''Яaze'' numbers
!rowspan="1"|Cardinals
!rowspan="1"|Ordinals
|-
|-
|U, u
!  1 000
|U
| tṙepyeиare
|[u]
|  tṙepyeиareṙe
| -
! colspan="1"| 1 000 000
| tṙepyexvsti
|tṙepyexvstidi
! colspan="1"| 10<sup>12</sup>
| tṙepyeяaze
|tṙepyeяazese
|-
|-
|V, v
!  2 000
|Vej
| ganseиare
|[v]
| ganseиareṙe
| -
! colspan="1"| 2 000 000
| gansexvsti
|gansexvstidi
! colspan="1"| 2*10<sup>12</sup>
| ganseяaze
|ganseяazese
|-
|-
|W, w
!  3 000
|Wej
| likliиare
|[w]
| likliиareṙe
|Semi-vowel
! colspan="1"| 3 000 000
| liklixvsti
|liklixvstidi
! colspan="1"| 3*10<sup>12</sup>
| likliяaze
|likliяazese
|-
|-
|X, x
!  4 000
|Xej
| flastezиare
|[χ]
| flastezиareṙe
| -
! colspan="1"| 4 000 000
| '''flasteßvsti'''
|'''flasteßvstidi'''
! colspan="1"| 4*10<sup>12</sup>
| flastezяaze
| flastezяazese
|-
|-
|Y, y
!  5 000
|Yej
| bostaṙиare
|[ʝ]
| bostaṙиareṙe
| -
! colspan="1"| 5 000 000
| bostaꝛxvsti
|bostaꝛxvstidi
! colspan="1"| 5*10<sup>12</sup>
| '''bostaяaze'''
|'''bostaяazese'''
|-
|-
|Z, z
!  6 000
|Zej
| kortetиare
|[θ]
| kortetиareṙe
| -
! colspan="1"| 6 000 000
| kortetxvsti
|kortetxvstidi
! colspan="1"| 6*10<sup>12</sup>
| kortetяaze
|kortetяazese
|-
|-
|※
!  7 000
|Pan
| иvsiиare
| [ʘ]
| иvsiиareṙe
|Statement marker (emphatic)
! colspan="1"| 7 000 000
| иvsixvsti
|иvsixvstidi
! colspan="1"| 7*10<sup>12</sup>
| иvsiяaze
|иvsiяazese
|-
|-
|?
!  8 000
|Klon
| loltoиare
|[!]
| loltoиareṙe
|Question marker
! colspan="1"| 8 000 000
| loltoxvsti
|loltoxvstidi
! colspan="1"| 8*10<sup>12</sup>
| loltoяaze
| loltoяazese
|-
|-
|!
! 9 000
|Ten
| nuarifиare
| [ǀ]
| nuarifиareṙe
|Command marker
! colspan="1"| 9 000 000
|-
| nuarifxvsti
|§
|nuarifxvstidi
|Cen
! colspan="1"| 9*10<sup>12</sup>
| [ǁ]
| nuarifяaze
|Suggestion marker
| nuarifяazese
|-
|⸮
|Ken
| [ǂ]
|Irony marker
|}
|}


Numbers are arranged in order, from bigger to smaller (a*10<sup>i</sup> + b*10<sup>i-1</sup> + … + w*10<sup>3</sup> + x*10<sup>2</sup> + y*10 + z).


==Grammar==
Some examples:
 
* '''23''': gansedaki likli(pom)
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
* '''749''': иvsifentv flastezdaki nuarif(pom)
* '''184922''': tṙepyefentv loltodaki flastesиare nuarifentv gansedaki ganse(pom)
* '''#18''' : tṙepyedakigi loltopono


==Morphology==
===Grammatical cases===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 700px; text-align: center
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 700px; text-align: center
! scope="col" width="120px"|Case (particle)
! scope="col" width="120px"|Case (particle)
! scope="col" width="200px"|Usage
! scope="col" width="200px"|Usage
! scope="col" width="200px"|Sol·eя
! scope="col" width="200px"|Solerian
! scope="col" width="200px"|English
! scope="col" width="200px"|English
|-
|-
|Nominative  (·aя)
|Nominative  (·aяa)
|agent
|agent
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Accusative (·iя)
|Accusative (·bяe)
|patient
|patient
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Dative (·uя)
|Dative (·kuя)
|recipient
|recipient
|
|
Line 536: Line 907:
|
|
|-
|-
|Benefactive (·oя)
|Benefactive (·foя)
|beneficiary
|beneficiary
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Instrumental (·ax)
|Instrumental (·axra)
|instrument
|instrument
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Privative (·ix)
|Privative (·tix)
|lacking something
|lacking something
|
|
Line 576: Line 947:
|
|
|-
|-
|Locative (·uf)
|Locative (·duf)
|location
|location
|
|
Line 609: Line 980:
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A priori]]

Latest revision as of 21:32, 4 July 2021


Solerian
Սօլէ́ր
Soléṟ
Soler.png
Pronunciation[solˈeɹ]
Created byNewrhotic
Date2013
Sourcesa priori
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Solerian (Armenian: Սօլէ́ր, Latin: Soléṟ, /solˈeɹ/) is a highly alveolarized language, with a moderately large consonant inventory, and 15 grammatical cases. It is spoken by no one as it is still under construction and, for the same reasons, it has no native speakers. Its origin traces back to January 2013 and it still has a long way to go. Its bigger peculiarity might be the presence of speech function markers (statement/question/command/offer/irony) realized by click consonants.

Overview

Gender Cases Numbers Tenses Persons Moods Voices Aspects
Verb No No No Yes No No Yes Yes
Nouns Yes No Yes No No No No No
Adjectives No No No No No No No No
Numbers No No No No No No No No
Participles No No No No No No No No
Adverb No No No No No No No No
Pronouns Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
Adpositions No No No No No No No No
Article Yes No No No Yes No No No
Particle No Yes No No No Yes No No


Phonology

Consonants and semi-vowels

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Lateral
Nasal m n ɲ [ŋ]
Plosive p · b d̪ t ɟ k · g
Affricate t͡ʃ [ɟ͡ʝ]
Fricative f θ s · [z] ʃ x
Approximant w · [β̞] [ð̞] ɹ j [ɣ̞]
Trill r
Flap or tap ɾ
Lateral app. l
Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ

Phonetic notes

The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as approximants (namely [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞], hereafter represented without the undertack) or fricatives in all places except after a pause, after a nasal consonant, or —in the case of /d/— after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.

The phoneme /n/ is realized as a voiced velar nasal [ŋ] before velar /k/, /g/ and /x/.

The phoneme /ɟ/ is realized as an plosive in all contexts except after a pause, a nasal, or a lateral. In these environments, it may be realized as an affricate ([ɟʝ]).

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u



e̞
ə
o̞
ɛ


ä
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Dipthongs

Falling
[äj] €€ '€' [äw] €€ '€'
[e̞j] sáṟdejp 'infinite' [e̞w] €€ '€'
[o̞j] naṙój 'sadness' [o̞w] € '€'
[uj] €€ '€'
Rising
[jä] €€ '€' [wä] €€ '€'
[je̞] €€ '€' [we̞] €€ '€'
[wi] €€ '€'
[jo̞] €€ '€' [wo̞] €€ '€'
[ju] €€ '€'

Phonotactics

Onset Core Coda Coda II
(C1) (C2) (SV1) V (SV2) (C3) (C2) -(Vn)
b l/ṙ/ṟ j/w a/e/i/o/u j/w € € ɛ/ə
c
d l/ṙ/ṟ
f l/r/ṙ/ṟ
g l/n/ṙ/ṟ
k l/n/r/ṙ/ṟ
l
m l m
n n
ñ
p f/l/r/ṙ/ṟ/s/š
r
ṙ
ṟ
s l/p/ṟ/t
š l/r/ṙ/ṟ
t l/r/ṙ/ṟ/s t l/s
x
y
z ṙ

Orthography

Grapheme Ա ա Է է Ի ի Օ օ Ո ո Ե ե Ը ը Յ յ Ւ ւ
Name այբ ajb է e ի́նի íni օ o բո bu յէճ jec էտ et յի ji ւին win
Pronunciation /ä/ /e̞/ /i/ /o̞/ /u/ /ɛ/ /ə/ /j/ /w/
Transliteration A a E e I i O o U u Ɛ ɛ Ə ə J j W w


Grapheme Բ բ Ճ ճ Դ դ Ֆ ֆ Գ գ Կ կ Լ լ Մ մ Ն ն Ժ ժ Պ պ Ռ ռ Ղ ղ Ր ր Ս ս Շ շ Տ տ Խ խ Ջ ջ Ց ց
Name բէն ben ճէ ce դա da ֆէ fe գիմ gim կէն ken լյոն ljun մէն men նո nu ժէ ñe պէ pe ռա ra ղատ ṙat րէ ṟe սէ se շա ša տյոն tjun խէ xe ջա ya ցօ zo
Pronunciation /b/ /t͡ʃ/ /d/ /f/ /g/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /p/ /r/ /ɾ/ /ɹ/ /s/ /∫/ /t/ /x/ /ɟ/ /θ/
Transliteration B b C c D d F f G g K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ P p R r Ṙ ṙ Ṟ ṟ S s Š š T t X x Y y Z z


Grapheme Name Pronunciation Transliteration Use
ՙ պան
pan 		/ʘ/ * Statement marker (emphatic)
՞ կլօն
klon 		/!/ ? Question marker
 ՜ տէն
ten 		/ǀ/ ! Command marker
՛ ճիմ
cim 		/ǁ/ # Suggestion marker
 ՟  ջէն
yen 		/ǂ/ ⸮ Irony marker

Morphology

In Solerian, as well as in the rest of languages, there are different types of words: Nouns, adjetives, verbs…

Nouns

Nouns are words used to designate people, animals, ideas, concepts and so on. Some examples:

  • €€€: house
  • €€€: child
  • €€€: freedom

There are two kinds of names:

  • Common nouns: €€€
  • Proper nouns: €€€

Grammar

Gender and number

Nouns in Solerian can be abstract, inanimate, or animate.

  • Abstract gender englobes ideas, actions or abstractions: race, jump, freedom.
  • Inanimate gender refers to tangible non-living beings: stone, sun, window.
  • Animate gender unites living beings: bird, person, doctor.
    • Although it is not required, sex can be specified by adding to the noun the suffix -ə for masculine, and -ɛ for femenine nouns.

Regarding number, there are three categories nouns can fall in:

  • Singular, portraying only one entity: The car, a cat.
  • Dual, for natural pairs: eyes, the couple, a pair of trousers.
  • Plural, for two or more entities: The cars, four women.

Personal pronouns

Singular personal pronouns
Abstract Inanimate Animate
Unspecified Gender
Masculine Femenine
Zero person Lo - - - -
First person - - Ale Alə Alɛ
Second person - - Bale Balə Balɛ
Third person Calo Cali Cale Calə Calɛ
Fourth person - - Dale - -


Dual personal pronouns
Abstract Inanimate Animate
First person - - Alele
Second person - - Balele
Third person Calolo Calili Calele


Plural personal pronouns
Abstract Inanimate Animate
First person Exclusive - - Aleßv
Inclusive - - Abaleßv
Second person - - Baleßv
Third person Caloßv Calißv Caleßv

Numerals

Solerial numeral system is heavily decimal. Numbers are arranged in sets:

  • Pom: numbers from 0 to 9.
  • Daki: sets of ten, or denaries (all the x*10 numbers).
  • Fentv: sets of hundred (all the x*102 numbers).
  • Иare: sets of thousand (all the x*103 numbers).
  • Xvsti: sets of million (all the x*106 numbers).
  • Яaze: sets of trillion (all the x*1012 numbers).


Pom numbers Cardinals Ordinals Daki numbers Cardinals Ordinals Fentv numbers Cardinals Ordinals
0 ṙajni - - - - - - -
1 tṙepye(pom) tṙepyepono 10 tṙepyedaki tṙepyedakigi 100 tṙepyefentv tṙepyefentvdv
2 ganse(pom) gansepono 20 gansedaki gansedakigi 200 gansefentv gansefentvdv
3 likli(pom) liklipono 30 liklidaki liklidakigi 300 liklifentu liklifentvdv
4 flastez(pom) flastezpono 40 flastesdaki flastesdakigi 400 flastezfentv flastezfentvdv
5 bostaṙ(pom) bostaṙpono 50 bostaṙdaki bostaṙdakigi 500 bostaṙfentv bostaṙfentvdv
6 kortet(pom) kortetpono 60 kortetaki kortetakigi 600 kortetfentv kortetfentvdv
7 иvsi(pom) иvsipono 70 иvsidaki иvsidakigi 700 иvsifevtv иvsifentvdv
8 lolto(pom) loltopono 80 loltodaki loltodakigi 800 loltofentv loltofentudv
9 nuarif(pom) nuarifpono 90 nuarifdaki nuarifdakigi 900 nuarifentv nuarifentvdv


Иare numbers Cardinals Ordinals Xvsti numbers Cardinals Ordinals Яaze numbers Cardinals Ordinals
1 000 tṙepyeиare tṙepyeиareṙe 1 000 000 tṙepyexvsti tṙepyexvstidi 1012 tṙepyeяaze tṙepyeяazese
2 000 ganseиare ganseиareṙe 2 000 000 gansexvsti gansexvstidi 2*1012 ganseяaze ganseяazese
3 000 likliиare likliиareṙe 3 000 000 liklixvsti liklixvstidi 3*1012 likliяaze likliяazese
4 000 flastezиare flastezиareṙe 4 000 000 flasteßvsti flasteßvstidi 4*1012 flastezяaze flastezяazese
5 000 bostaṙиare bostaṙиareṙe 5 000 000 bostaꝛxvsti bostaꝛxvstidi 5*1012 bostaяaze bostaяazese
6 000 kortetиare kortetиareṙe 6 000 000 kortetxvsti kortetxvstidi 6*1012 kortetяaze kortetяazese
7 000 иvsiиare иvsiиareṙe 7 000 000 иvsixvsti иvsixvstidi 7*1012 иvsiяaze иvsiяazese
8 000 loltoиare loltoиareṙe 8 000 000 loltoxvsti loltoxvstidi 8*1012 loltoяaze loltoяazese
9 000 nuarifиare nuarifиareṙe 9 000 000 nuarifxvsti nuarifxvstidi 9*1012 nuarifяaze nuarifяazese

Numbers are arranged in order, from bigger to smaller (a*10i + b*10i-1 + … + w*103 + x*102 + y*10 + z).

Some examples:

  • 23: gansedaki likli(pom)
  • 749: иvsifentv flastezdaki nuarif(pom)
  • 184922: tṙepyefentv loltodaki flastesиare nuarifentv gansedaki ganse(pom)
  • #18 : tṙepyedakigi loltopono

Grammatical cases

Case (particle) Usage Solerian English
Nominative (·aяa) agent
Accusative (·bяe) patient
Dative (·kuя) recipient
Genitive (·eя) relationship, possession
Benefactive (·foя) beneficiary
Instrumental (·axra) instrument
Privative (·tix) lacking something
Essive-Modal (·ux) manner of doing something
Commitative (·ex) accompanied by sth/sb
Causal-final (·ox) efficient or final cause
Ablative (·af) movement away from something
Lative (·if) movement to something
Locative (·duf) location
Partitive (·ef) used for amounts
Temporal (·of) specifying a time


Syntax

€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Solerian&oldid=230148"