Holenagic: Difference between revisions

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{{Ambox
| name  = construction
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type  = notice
| image = [[File:cutting.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = is a '''construction site'''. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Holenagic
|name          = Holenagic
|nativname       = Hgoailnaigkäfäeq<br/> kyl e Ṅoailnaigkäe
|nativename       = Hgâhlenaihduq <br/> hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid
|pronunciation = [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛˌfɛːq]<br/>[kyʎe ˈŋɔʎnadʒkɛː]
|pronunciation = ˈɣɔɬənæjuq]<br/>[ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ
|region        = island of Holenagika
|region        = island of Holenagika
|ethnicity    = Holenagics
|ethnicity    = Holenagics
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|date          = 2312
|date          = 2312
|setting      = Calémere
|setting      = Calémere
|familycolor  = #33FF99
|familycolor  = Dravidian
|fam1          = [[Evandorian languages]]
|fam1          = [[Evandorian languages]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
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|script        = Íscégon script for Holenagic
|script        = Íscégon script for Holenagic
}}
}}
'''Holenagic''' — natively called '''Hgoailnaigkäfäeq''' [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛˌfɛːq] or '''kyl e Ṅoailnaigkäe''' [kyʎe ˈŋɔʎnadʒkɛː] — is a language of the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], spoken natively by about 13 million people on '''Holenagika''' (Hol.: ''Hgoailnaigkäe'' [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛː] [[Íscégon|Ísc.]]: ''Holenágieca''; [[Cerian|Cer.]]: ''Holenájica''; [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''Hålinaika''), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
'''Holenagic''' — natively called '''Hgâhlenaihduq''' [ˈɣɔɬənæjuq] or '''hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid''' [ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ] or, rarely, ''hfrahb uir qehfthlehgar'' [ˈɔː irʲ ˈq͡χeːtʰɬe.ər] — is a language of the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], spoken natively by about 13 million people on '''Holenagika''' (Hol.: ''Hgâhlenaid'' [ˈɣɔɬənætʃ] [[Íscégon|Ísc.]]: ''Holenágieca''; [[Cerian|Cer.]]: ''Holenájica''; [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''Hålinaica''), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
 
It is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar - for example, it is the only Evandorian language to have developed person marking on verbs - cf. ''ehd'' "to reach" (< Proto-Evandorian *etmeȟ "to close"; cf. Íscégon and Cerian ''éma'', Besagren ''ema'' (all "to finish")) and ''ehdfṅ'' "he/she/it reaches" (cf. Ísc. and Cer. ''éma'' which needs a pronoun). Also notable are the various sound changes, which led Holenagic to develop many clusters; anyway, it is the only Evandorian language that has kept original /q/ and (often) /ŋ/ from Proto-Evandorian. These two consonants, extremely rare in the modern languages of the family, give Holenagic its unique sound, also because of their se in common words - cf. ''fuq'' "he", ''fqa'' "she".
 
<!--
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
 
==Introduction==


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
It is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar.It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in ''hdieigv'' "road" /iːvʲ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/), ''siôhp'' "fruit" /ɕef/ [ɕew], or ''hfrahb'' "language" /ɔː/ [ɔː].


<!-- Example categories/headings:
==External History==
 
Holenagic is a language I have rebuilt from scratch many times. Its first version had a Lithuanian-like orthography but was very un-Lithuanian-sounding, then I began to change it in order to have something that was not really like the languages near it. After all, as Holenagica is a large island at the periphery of Evandor, it kinda made sense to have unusual features in it. So I settled for it to be the outlier of the family, with unusual sounds among Evandorian languages and an opaque, very conservative orthography. My main inspirations behind it are Irish, Klingon, and Icelandic.
Goals
<!--==Phonology==
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular
|-
! Nasals
| m || || n̥ nᵞ nʲ || || ŋ̊ ŋ ||
|-
! Plosives
| p b || || t d || || k ɡ || q
|-
! Affricates
| || || ts dz || tɕ dʑ cç || ||
|-
! Fricatives
| || f v || s z || ʃ ʒ ç || x ɣ ||
|-
! Laterals
| || || l̥ lᵞ || ʎ ||  ||
|-
! Trill
| || || r̥ r rʲ ||  ||  ||
|-
! Approximants
| || || || j || w ||
|}
All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hard !! Soft
|-
| /m p b f v/ || [mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ]<br/>/mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/
|-
| /t d lᵞ nᵞ r/ || /ts dz ʎ nʲ rʲ/
|-
| /s z/ || /ʃ ʒ/
|-
| /ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/ || /ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't.  
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
===Mutations===
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
====Present tense====
The present tense endings are agglutinative, but all of them except 2SG and 3SG are added to the extended stem instead of the infinitive one (with the exception of 2PL if the extended stem ends in ''-ṅ'').
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3SG !! 1PL !! 2PL !! 3PL
|-
! Written
| -* || -uis || -vṅ || -*viehh || -*hr || -*ves
|-
! Common pronunciation
| ∅ || -uʃ || -wəŋ || -vlʲəx || -r̥ || -vlʲəʃ
|}


<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Examples:
 
* ''hjeilshn'' /ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : ''hjeilshn'', ''hjeilshnuis'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥uʃ], ''hjeilshnvṅ'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥əu̯ŋ], ''hjeilshnviehh'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ix], ''hjeilshnhr'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ər̥], ''hjeilsnves'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ɪu̯ʃ]
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
* ''ehd'' /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ''ehdṅ-'' : ''ehdṅ'' [ˈeɪ̯əŋ], ''ehduis'' [ˈeɣuʃ], ''ehdvṅ'' [ˈe(ɪ̯)wːəŋ], ''ehdṅviehh'' [ˈeɪ̯ŋvlʲəx], ''ehdhr'' [eɪ̯r̥] ''ehdṅves'' [eɪ̯ŋvlʲəʃ]
* ''orehg'' /oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to carry", ext. stem ''orehgl-'': ''orehgl'' [oˈrʲeːʎ], ''orehguis'' [oˈrʲeɣuʃ], ''orehglvṅ'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞuŋ] ''orehglviehh'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəx], ''orehghr'' [oˈrʲeːr̥], ''orehglves'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəʃ]


Nouns
Reflexive verbs use the following endings (all of them after the extended stem):
Adjectives
{| class="wikitable"
Verbs
|-
Adverbs
! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3SG !! 1PL !! 2PL !! 3PL
Particles
|-
Derivational morphology
! Written
| -ohbd || -yhbd || -vuds || -eshb || -ykhbo || -vehhds
|-
! Common pronunciation
| -oʊ̯d || -yːd || -vudz || -eʃoʊ̯ || -ytɕwo || -weːdz
|}


-->
* ''bods orehg'' /bodz oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to go", ext. stem ''orehgl-'' : ''orehglohbd'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞoʊ̯d], ''orehglyhbd'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎyːd], ''orehglvyds'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞvudz], ''orehgleshb'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎeʃoʊ̯], ''orehglykhbo'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎytɕwo], ''orehglvehhds'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞweːdz]-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 14:44, 1 February 2024

Holenagic
Hgâhlenaihduq
hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid
Pronunciation[ˈɣɔɬənæjuq]
[ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ]
Created byLili21
DateSep 2017
SettingCalémere
EthnicityHolenagics
Native speakers16,000,000 (2312)

Holenagic — natively called Hgâhlenaihduq [ˈɣɔɬənæjuq] or hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid [ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ] or, rarely, hfrahb uir qehfthlehgar [ˈɔː irʲ ˈq͡χeːtʰɬe.ər] — is a language of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by about 13 million people on Holenagika (Hol.: Hgâhlenaid [ˈɣɔɬənætʃ] Ísc.: Holenágieca; Cer.: Holenájica; Chl.: Hålinaica), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).

It is an Evandorian language and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar.It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in hdieigv "road" /iːvʲ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/), siôhp "fruit" /ɕef/ [ɕew], or hfrahb "language" /ɔː/ [ɔː].

External History

Holenagic is a language I have rebuilt from scratch many times. Its first version had a Lithuanian-like orthography but was very un-Lithuanian-sounding, then I began to change it in order to have something that was not really like the languages near it. After all, as Holenagica is a large island at the periphery of Evandor, it kinda made sense to have unusual features in it. So I settled for it to be the outlier of the family, with unusual sounds among Evandorian languages and an opaque, very conservative orthography. My main inspirations behind it are Irish, Klingon, and Icelandic.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes

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