Chlouvānem/Phonology: Difference between revisions

Line 140:

==Consonants==

(~~TBA~~)

{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |

|-

! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labials !! Dentals !! Retroflexes !! Palatals !! Velars !! Laryngeals

|-

! colspan=2 | Nasals

| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || || ɴ

|-

! rowspan=2 | Stops !! Unvoiced

| p pʰ || t̪ t̪ʰ || ʈ ʈʰ || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ || k kʰ || ʔ ʡ

|-

! Voiced

| b bʱ || d̪ d̪ʱ || ɖ ɖʱ || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ || ɡ ɡʱ ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Fricatives

| || s || ʂ || ɕ || || ɦ ħ

|-

! colspan=2 | Approximants

| ʋ || || || j || || ʀ ɴ̆

|}

===Nasals===

: → ''See also the section on [[#Nasalized_vowels|nasalized vowels]] above.''

Four out of the five Chlouvānem nasal phonemes may occur in the onset, and have no major variations across the Chlouvānem-speaking world:

: ''nanai'' "forest" /nänäɪ̯/ – Std. [nänäɪ̯], Līl. [nɐnæɪ̯], Lṭh. [nɐnaɪ̯], Klš. [näne̞ɪ̯], Cam. [nänæɪ̯]

: ''marta'' "city" /maʀta/ – Std. [mäɐ̯tä], Līl. [mɐˤtɐ], Cam. [mɑɐ̯tä], Mam. [mäʀtä]

: ''ñæltah'' "(male's) sister" /ɲɛɴ̆täħ/ – Std., Mam. [ɲɛɴ̆täħ], Līl. [ɲɛɴ̆tɐχ], Cam. [ɲɛɴ̆täh]

: ''ṇīṭah'' "skin, bark" /ɳiːʈäħ/ – Std. [ɳiːʈäħ], Līl. [ɳiːʈɐχ], Hiy. [ɳiːʈäħ~ɳiːʈɐħ], Cam. [ɳiːʈäh]

The laryngeal nasal only surfaces as such before laryngeals (and not in the Southern Jade Coast); otherwise - and only analyzed as such before /d dʱ s ʂ ɕ/, where it contrasts with homorganic nasals - it produces nasalized vowels, as detained in the section above.

: ''saṃrasta'' "war" /säɴʀästä/ – Std., Hiy., Cam. [sɑ̃ɴʀästä], Līl. [sɑ̃ʀɐstɐ]

Homorganic nasals are usually considered to be phonemically what they are phonetically, except for velars, which do not have any homorganic phoneme. This occurrence, written '''l''', is considered to be /n/ by some linguists and /ɴ/ by others. A minority view considers to be /ɴ/ only those instances formed by saṃdhi through a morpheme which originally had /m/ and are written '''ṃ'''. Both '''l'''+velar and '''ṃ'''+velar are pronounced the same in all contemporary Chlouvānem pronunciations, but likely not in Classical Chlouvānem. Linguists analyzing the pronunciation of Lake Lūlunīkam and the Southern Jade Coast, plus the southern side of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra delta, consider this to be /ɴ̆/, as in those pronunciations it is not the nasal element to be made velar, but the stop element to be made uvular:

: ''lgutake'' "to buy" /nɡutäke~ɴɡutäke~ɴ̆ɡutäke/ – Std., Hiy., Cam. [ŋɡutäke], Līl., Līt., Lṭh. [ɴɢutɐke]

: ''šulka'' "five" /ɕunkä~ɕuɴkä~ɕuɴ̆kä/ – Std., Cam. [ɕuŋkä], Hiy. [ʃʉŋkä], Līl., Lṭh. [ɕuɴqɐ], Ltṣ. [ʃʉɴqä]

===Unvoiced stops===

Unvoiced stops are mostly pronounced as their IPA equivalents. However, a sizeable number of younger urban speakers from the Eastern Plain and the Inland Jade Coast merge the epiglottal stop /ʡ/ into the glottal stop /Ɂ/ except when speaking slowly and carefully.

==Notes==

[[Category:Chlouvānem]]

@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 ==Consonants==
-(TBA)
+{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
+|-
+! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labials !! Dentals !! Retroflexes !! Palatals !! Velars !! Laryngeals
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Nasals
+| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || || ɴ
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
+| p pʰ || t̪ t̪ʰ || ʈ ʈʰ || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ || k kʰ || ʔ ʡ
+|-
+! <small>Voiced</small>
+| b bʱ || d̪ d̪ʱ || ɖ ɖʱ || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ || ɡ ɡʱ ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Fricatives
+| || s || ʂ || ɕ ||  || ɦ ħ
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Approximants
+| ʋ || || || j ||  || ʀ ɴ̆
+|}
+===Nasals===
+: → ''See also the section on [[#Nasalized_vowels|nasalized vowels]] above.''
+Four out of the five Chlouvānem nasal phonemes may occur in the onset, and have no major variations across the Chlouvānem-speaking world:
+: ''nanai'' "forest" /nänäɪ̯/ – Std. [nänäɪ̯], Līl. [nɐnæɪ̯], Lṭh. [nɐnaɪ̯], Klš. [näne̞ɪ̯], Cam. [nänæɪ̯]
+: ''marta'' "city" /maʀta/ – Std. [mäɐ̯tä], Līl. [mɐˤtɐ], Cam. [mɑɐ̯tä], Mam. [mäʀtä]
+: ''ñæltah'' "(male's) sister" /ɲɛɴ̆täħ/ – Std., Mam. [ɲɛɴ̆täħ], Līl. [ɲɛɴ̆tɐχ], Cam. [ɲɛɴ̆täh]
+: ''ṇīṭah'' "skin, bark" /ɳiːʈäħ/ – Std. [ɳiːʈäħ], Līl. [ɳiːʈɐχ], Hiy. [ɳiːʈäħ~ɳiːʈɐħ], Cam. [ɳiːʈäh]
+The laryngeal nasal only surfaces as such before laryngeals (and not in the Southern Jade Coast); otherwise - and only analyzed as such before /d dʱ s ʂ ɕ/, where it contrasts with homorganic nasals - it produces nasalized vowels, as detained in the section above.
+: ''saṃrasta'' "war" /säɴʀästä/ – Std., Hiy., Cam. [sɑ̃ɴʀästä], Līl. [sɑ̃ʀɐstɐ]
+Homorganic nasals are usually considered to be phonemically what they are phonetically, except for velars, which do not have any homorganic phoneme. This occurrence, written '''l''', is considered to be /n/ by some linguists and /ɴ/ by others. A minority view considers to be /ɴ/ only those instances formed by saṃdhi through a morpheme which originally had /m/ and are written '''ṃ'''. Both '''l'''+velar and '''ṃ'''+velar are pronounced the same in all contemporary Chlouvānem pronunciations, but likely not in Classical Chlouvānem.<br/>Linguists analyzing the pronunciation of Lake Lūlunīkam and the Southern Jade Coast, plus the southern side of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra delta, consider this to be /ɴ̆/, as in those pronunciations it is not the nasal element to be made velar, but the stop element to be made uvular:
+: ''lgutake'' "to buy" /nɡutäke~ɴɡutäke~ɴ̆ɡutäke/ – Std., Hiy., Cam. [ŋɡutäke], Līl., Līt., Lṭh. [ɴɢutɐke]
+: ''šulka'' "five" /ɕunkä~ɕuɴkä~ɕuɴ̆kä/ – Std., Cam. [ɕuŋkä], Hiy. [ʃʉŋkä], Līl., Lṭh. [ɕuɴqɐ], Ltṣ. [ʃʉɴqä]
+===Unvoiced stops===
+Unvoiced stops are mostly pronounced as their IPA equivalents. However, a sizeable number of younger urban speakers from the Eastern Plain and the Inland Jade Coast merge the epiglottal stop /ʡ/ into the glottal stop /Ɂ/ except when speaking slowly and carefully.
+==Notes==
 [[Category:Chlouvānem]]