Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions
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*''lakof'' = human, person | *''lakof'' = human, person | ||
*''ṛ-'': nonvolitional | *''ṛ-'': nonvolitional | ||
**Wdm ''-ră-'', ''-năr-'' | |||
*''tkä'' 'to go' | *''tkä'' 'to go' | ||
**Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä | **Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä |
Revision as of 04:11, 9 May 2019
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
Lakovic | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
Subdivisions |
|
The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Todo
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar
some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
an ergative Lakovic language
a Lakovic language with a Tsjoen-style possessed classifier system
Whence Ashanic breathy voice?
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic
- Ashanic
- Tseezhic
- Häskä
- Pfiunic
- Tumhanic
- Eta-Lakovic
- vaguely Indonesian/AN languages
- Txapoallian Lakovic
- Zoomic
Need Txapoallian and Etalocian Lakovic languages
Proto-Lakovic phonology
vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||||
Affricate | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ʂ/ | č /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
Fricative | s /s/ | ś /ʂ/ | š /ʃ/ | x /x/ | H | |||
Resonant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
i u e o ä a /i u e o æ a/
Syllabic ṃ ṇ ŋ ḷ ṛ
There is disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.
Phonotactics
Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots
Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.
Nouns
Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people
There was a feminine clitic =cin.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.
Pronouns
Ashanic:
- rì = I
- śen = you (sg)
- in = he
- insin = she
- tsa = we (exc)
- pang = we (inc)
Verbs and adjectives
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
There was a feminine prefix, wa-.
- Ashanic: ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
- Ashanic: ⟨ìt⟩, PLak: ⟨ixt⟩ = locative trigger
Derivational morphology
- ⟨ś⟩ infix: nominalization
- Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
- ⟨ṛ⟩ infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
- Ashanic ⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩
- Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
- Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
- Ashanic: u- = intensive
- Adjectivizer, stative
- Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- lakof = human, person
- ṛ-: nonvolitional
- Wdm -ră-, -năr-
- tkä 'to go'
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä
- Windermere răchta 'to die'
- Tseezh thaka 'to go'
- Tsjoen tjo
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä
- PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
- PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
- PAsh ʔmä
- Wdm. ăma
- PAsh ʔeb
- Wdm. ep
- PLak ḷban
- PAsh àlbon 'water'
- Wdm. blon
- Tseezh ooban, Modern nban
- Häskä əlfon
- PAsh àlbon 'water'
- PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
- Tsrovesh dvmazh
- PAsh dàrmày
- Wdm. trămäy
- PAsh madaŋs 'struggle, war'
- Wdm.mătäng 'war'
- PLak žän
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- Schong jahn
- Æ jov?
- Wdm. șän
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
- PAsh àlgan
- Wdm. glan 'straight'
- Tseezh ookhan
- PAsh àlgan
Numbers
ardolni > vduli
urti > era, ert-
mtsiw > mtser
mšaxk > msholki
m-muc > amuc
Ashanic
check Æ tone reflexes
- first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
- then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes
Proto-Ashanic | Ashanic | Proto-Tumhanic | Tumhanic | Etalocian | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Windermere | Tseezh | Schong | Æ | Tsăloșian | Wiebian | Ferlitian | ||
*àdòn "one" | doan | don | thohn | tů | ||||
*ùrat "two" | rath | oozhad | raat | ras | ||||
*tsiw "three" | stiw | txim (rebracketed from 4) | tsiw | tjův | ||||
*mšàk "four" | smech | khaag | njaai | njærv | meih | |||
*Vmǜc "five" | müets | omøøtx | muhs | vur | ||||
*dak "six" | tach | dag | thak | tars | ||||
*àbòt "seven" | boath | aabood | phoht | pov | ||||
*słeb "eight" | łep | xev | schap | læ̊g | ||||
*ʔlòy "nine" | loay | wooj | loih | løv | ||||
*tap "ten" | thaf | rab | tap | tås | ||||
*suyàw "eleven" | săyäw | taxaa | sew | søv | ||||
*srük "twelve" | srüch | tzhøg | srk | rurs |