Lakovic languages

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Lakovic
Created by	–
Geographic distribution	Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classification	One of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-language	Proto-Lakovic
Subdivisions	Ashanic Western Bjeheondian Tumhanian Etalocian Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Some people put Arpalan, Lakovic, Pategic, and Clofabosin into a macrofamily.

Roots from Netagin (to be used in PLak)

n-s-d: learn
w-x-s: love
b-n-s: hide
l-z-f: poke
z-ħ-m: praise, honor
ŋ-þ-w: new
x-3-f: reason
h-ŋ-c: empty, null
ħ-d-x: warm
c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
g-m-z: letter, element
ŋ-b-ś: compassion, sympathy
f-ś-r: agree, blend
n-b-ś: courage
þ-f-x: know
y-r-f: roll
f-c-m: read
l-x-r: write
z-r-b: true, firm
ś-d-l: half, split
f-s-t: step, stage
ʔ-b-l: mind
w-t-f: die
þ-ŋ-b: measure
z-m-z-m: hesitate
s-w-ħ: king, rule
ħ-c-g: value
ʔ-t-r: punish
g-b-n: say
k-l-k-l: tile
b-s-ŋ: clan, family
b-c-3: force, coerce
r-ʔ-b: criticize
f-s-k: beast
k-l-d: agree
z-l-n: comfort, solace
ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
s-f-l: dear
w-d-r: equal, same
ħ-g-r: different
m-g-þ: assign
k-b-ć: shield, fortress
k-z-r: hand over
c-b-s: show, exhibit
ħ-r-x: open
þ-k-s: good, great
ħ-n-b: use
s-n-l: help
f-þ-ʔ: proud
s-f-n: bold
x-r-r: young
x-l-n: eternity
l-n: come
l-r-y: wait
n-m-y: fall
k-z-n: stop, settle
ś-n-ħ: near
ħ-t-r: swim
ś-r-g: develop, evolve
r-x-m: dwell
ć-h-k: cold
d-ħ-s: strong
t-k: to sit on
s-b-d: form, become
ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
d-ŋ-n: lowly, debased, humiliate
ŋ-þ-ħ: stretch, deform
r-ŋ-b: precious
b-ħ-d: round
z-n: grasp

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar

some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic

an ergative Lakovic language

a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system

Phylogeny

Proto-Lakovic

Ashanic
- Classical Windermere
- Ciêng
Tseezhic
- Classical Tseer
  - Modern Tseer
- Tsjωnz
Häskä
Pfiunic
- Tsăloșian
- Pfiunian (Pseudo-Swiss German)
Tumhanic
- Schong
- Æ
- Wiebian
Eta-Lakovic
- vaguely Indonesian/AN languages
Txapoallian Lakovic
- Ejective-y, tonal language
Tsrovesh

Proto-Lakovic phonology

vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Domed	Palatal	Velar	Laryngeal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /ɡ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/	ʔ /ʔ/
Affricate			c /t͡s/	ć /t͡ʂ/
Fricative			s /s/	ś /ʂ/	š /ʃ/	x /x/	H
Resonant		w /w/	l /l/	r /r/	y /j/

Vowels

i u e o ə a

There is some disagreement about the vowel ə - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.

Phonotactics

Dominated by CV or CVC syllables. Some prefixes and infixes resulted in CC-'s.

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. Schwebeablaut was used, so the vowel could change places. The roots could be of the form

biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live'

Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions.

Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Infixes can have 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<əC>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.

Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:

Verbal grade: CCVC
Nominal grade: CVCC
Long grade: CVCVC

The CVCC grade had some reflexes with either the first C assimilating into V or the second C (explain some words like muad, yar or -b, -d finals)

Weak roots

Weak roots such as *yriš 'to hear' and *sap' 'to pull' undergo irregularities, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and ?.

Either the verbal stem (e.g. yriš > riš) or the nominal stem (sap' > sap 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication:

lakof 'person' > lakof-lakof 'people'
ptek 'flesh' > ptek-ptek 'a large quantity of flesh'

There was a feminine suffix -is/-s.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am, from npäm 'group; fellow' (the -am in Modern Windermere plural pronouns łănam, ănam).

Case markers

Case markers came before the noun:

xu = direct case
t = indirect case

Pronouns

Most branches of Lakovic show evidence for the following PLak pronouns:

*riH = I
*bəŋ = we (dual inclusive)
*śen = thou (m)
*śens = thou (f)
*ʔin = he
*ʔins = she

PLak had no plural pronouns; it made do with associative plurals or demonstratives instead.

Possessive prefixes

Verbs and adjectives

Proto-Lakovic was a verb-heavy language: verbs contained enough information that a sentence could consist of just a verb, and context made sense of the meaning.

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.

Gender

wa- = feminine

TAM

unmarked: imperfective (current state for stative)
-H: perfective (dynamic for stative)
various reduplifixes for other TAMs:
- C1V- = iterative, habitual action

Triggers

Triggers (giving the noun in the direct case specific semantic roles) were marked by adding infixes to the verbal grade of the root. The original trigger system usually became a set of derivational affixes in daughter languages, much like binyanim (originally marking voice) in Semitic languages.

Proto-Lakovic had 7 triggers:

agent trigger: unmarked
patient trigger: ⟨əp⟩
destination trigger: ⟨əŋ⟩
locative trigger: ⟨it⟩
ablative/cause trigger: ⟨əm/nəm⟩
instrument trigger: ⟨əw⟩, ⟨əg⟩
benefactive trigger: ⟨əkəm⟩

Nominalization

The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were:

Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root
The ⟨ay⟩ infix
The ⟨an⟩ infix

In some descendant languages such as Häskä, the nominal grade retained productivity, which gave rise to a consonantal root system.

Derivational morphology

Root extensions

There is much evidence that the truly basic roots were CVC~CCV roots, and CVCC~CCVC roots were derived from CVC~CCV via suffixing a third root consonant.

ngit = to happen
- ngitw~ngtiw = new

Affixes

⟨-s⟩: feminine
- Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
⟨ṛ⟩ prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
- Ashanic *⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩, ⟨năr/măr⟩
⟨ay⟩ = deverbal noun
⟨ang⟩ = place noun
⟨aH⟩ = agentive
b- = agentive
- Wdm. pă- (not productive)
- Tseer ba-
ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
t- = causative
- Wdm. th- (not productive)
lä- = denominal verbs
ʔu- = intensive
- Wdm. th-u-
ya- = adjectivizer; from ya

'with'

- Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
⟨ʔ⟩ = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
- not productive in Wdm

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Triggers

spe-H t riH ʔopr-is (<DEST>walk-PFV DIR 1SG height-FEM) = I walked up high (neutral)
xu ʔopr-is s<əŋ>pe-H t riH (IND height-FEM <DEST>walk-PFV DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")

Vocabulary

√bric: speak
√blek: shine, radiate
√ked: soft
√snok: 'to separate'
- Wdm snoach: 'to learn'
√snek: 'to bite'
√ŋac: 'in front'
√ŋic: 'empty'
√yriš 'hear'
- Wdm. riș 'hear ye!'
√ʔpor 'high'
- Wdm. ăfur 'noble'
- Tseer ofør 'high'
√mnot 'to produce, to grow, to give birth'
- *mont-is
  - Wdm muad
√ptek 'to inhabit, to occupy, to be at'
- *p⟨aH⟩tek
  - Wdm fteach 'body'
PLak √dmäy 'to drop, to grant'
- PAsh dàrmày 'rain'
  - Wdm. trămäy
*√ptsun 'to live'
*ləkof = human, person
PAsh √mdäŋ 'to struggle, to fight'
- Wdm. mătäng 'war'
*ṛ-: nonvolitional
- Wdm -ră-, -năr-
√tkä' 'to go'
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < *ṛ-tkä
  - Windermere răchta 'to die'
  - Tseer adhka 'to go'
  - Tsjoen tjo
PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. csie 'star'
PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
PAsh ʔmä 'mother'
- Wdm. ăma
PAsh ʔeb 'father'
- Wdm. ep
PLak ḷban 'water'
- PAsh àlbon
  - Wdm. blon
  - Tseer olban, Modern nban
- Häskä əlfon
PLak √žän 'to say'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
  - Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
    - Schong jahn
    - Æ jov?
  - Wdm. șän
PLak √lgän 'straight, upright'
- PAsh àlgan
  - Wdm. glan 'straight'
  - Tseer ookhan

Numbers

aHdan, aHrät, atsiw, amsHäk, amsHut

some reflexes of 1, 2 based on *Hadna and *Härta