Holenagic: Difference between revisions

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{{Ambox
| name  = construction
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type  = notice
| image = [[File:cutting.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = is a '''construction site'''. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Holenagic
|name          = Holenagic
|nativename      = Hgoailnaighiäl <br/> kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl
|nativename      = Hgâhlenaihduq <br/> hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid
|pronunciation = [ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]<br/>[ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]
|pronunciation = ˈɣɔɬənæjuq]<br/>[ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ
|region        = island of Holenagika
|region        = island of Holenagika
|ethnicity    = Holenagics
|ethnicity    = Holenagics
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|date          = 2312
|date          = 2312
|setting      = Calémere
|setting      = Calémere
|familycolor  = #33FF99
|familycolor  = Dravidian
|fam1          = [[Evandorian languages]]
|fam1          = [[Evandorian languages]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
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|script        = Íscégon script for Holenagic
|script        = Íscégon script for Holenagic
}}
}}
'''Holenagic''' — natively called '''Hgoailnaighiäl''' [ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl] or '''kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl''' [ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]] — is a language of the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], spoken natively by about 13 million people on '''Holenagika''' (Hol.: ''Hgoailnaigkää'' [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛː] [[Íscégon|Ísc.]]: ''Holenágieca''; [[Cerian|Cer.]]: ''Holenájica''; [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''Hålinaika''), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
'''Holenagic''' — natively called '''Hgâhlenaihduq''' [ˈɣɔɬənæjuq] or '''hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid''' [ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ] or, rarely, ''hfrahb uir qehfthlehgar'' [ˈɔː irʲ ˈq͡χeːtʰɬe.ər] — is a language of the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], spoken natively by about 13 million people on '''Holenagika''' (Hol.: ''Hgâhlenaid'' [ˈɣɔɬənætʃ] [[Íscégon|Ísc.]]: ''Holenágieca''; [[Cerian|Cer.]]: ''Holenájica''; [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''Hålinaica''), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
 
It is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar - for example, it is the only Evandorian language to have developed person marking on verbs - cf. ''ehd'' [eː] "to reach" (< Proto-Evandorian *etmeȟ "to close"; cf. Íscégon and Cerian ''éma'', Besagren ''ema'' (all "to finish")) and ''ehdvṅ'' [ˈejwəŋ] "he/she/it reaches" (cf. Ísc. and Cer. ''éma'' which needs a pronoun). Also notable are the various sound changes, which led Holenagic to develop many clusters; anyway, it is the only Evandorian language that has kept original /q/ and (often) /ŋ/ from Proto-Evandorian. These two consonants, extremely rare in the modern languages of the family, give Holenagic its unique sound, also because of their use in common words - cf. ''fuq'' "he", ''fqa'' "she".<br/>It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in ''hdieigv'' "road" /iːvʲ/ (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/).
 
==Introduction==
 
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration


-->
It is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar.It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in ''hdieigv'' "road" /iːvʲ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/), ''siôhp'' "fruit" /ɕef/ [ɕew], or ''hfrahb'' "language" /ɔː/ [ɔː].


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
==External History==
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
Holenagic is a language I have rebuilt from scratch many times. Its first version had a Lithuanian-like orthography but was very un-Lithuanian-sounding, then I began to change it in order to have something that was not really like the languages near it. After all, as Holenagica is a large island at the periphery of Evandor, it kinda made sense to have unusual features in it. So I settled for it to be the outlier of the family, with unusual sounds among Evandorian languages and an opaque, very conservative orthography. My main inspirations behind it are Irish, Klingon, and Icelandic.
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
<!--==Phonology==
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular
|-
! Nasals
| m || || n̥ nᵞ nʲ || || ŋ̊ ŋ ||
|-
! Plosives
| p b || || t d || || k ɡ || q
|-
! Affricates
| || || ts dz || tɕ dʑ cç || ||
|-
! Fricatives
| || f v || s z || ʃ ʒ ç || x ɣ ||
|-
! Laterals
| || || l̥ lᵞ || ʎ ||  ||
|-
! Trill
| || || r̥ r rʲ ||  ||  ||
|-
! Approximants
| || || || j || w ||
|}
All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hard !! Soft
|-
| /m p b f v/ || [mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ]<br/>/mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/
|-
| /t d lᵞ nᵞ r/ || /ts dz ʎ nʲ rʲ/
|-
| /s z/ || /ʃ ʒ/
|-
| /ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/ || /ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't.  
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
===Mutations===
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|-
|-
! Common pronunciation
! Common pronunciation
| ∅ || -uʃ || -wəŋ || -vʲəx || -r̥ || -vʲəʃ
| ∅ || -uʃ || -wəŋ || -vlʲəx || -r̥ || -vlʲəʃ
|}
|}


Examples:
Examples:
* ''hjeilshn'' /ˈçiːʎəsn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : ''hjeilshn'', ''hjeilshnuis'' [ˈçiːʎəsn̥uʃ], ''hjeilshnvṅ'' [ˈçiːʎəsn̥əu̯ŋ], ''hjeilshnviehh'' [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲix], ''hjeilshnhr'' [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ər̥], ''hjeilsnves'' [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲɪu̯ʃ]
* ''hjeilshn'' /ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : ''hjeilshn'', ''hjeilshnuis'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥uʃ], ''hjeilshnvṅ'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥əu̯ŋ], ''hjeilshnviehh'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ix], ''hjeilshnhr'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ər̥], ''hjeilsnves'' [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ɪu̯ʃ]
* ''ehd'' /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ''ehdṅ-'' : ''ehdṅ'' [ˈejəŋ], ''ehduis'' [ˈeɣuʃ], ''ehdvṅ'' [ˈewːəŋ], ''ehdṅviehh'' [ˈejŋvʲəx], ''ehdhr'' [ejr̥] ''ehdṅves'' [ejŋvʲəʃ]
* ''ehd'' /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ''ehdṅ-'' : ''ehdṅ'' [ˈeɪ̯əŋ], ''ehduis'' [ˈeɣuʃ], ''ehdvṅ'' [ˈe(ɪ̯)wːəŋ], ''ehdṅviehh'' [ˈeɪ̯ŋvlʲəx], ''ehdhr'' [eɪ̯r̥] ''ehdṅves'' [eɪ̯ŋvlʲəʃ]
* ''orehg'' /oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to carry", ext. stem ''orehgl-'': ''orehgl'' [oˈrʲeːʎ], ''orehguis'' [oˈrʲeɣuʃ], ''orehglvṅ'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞuŋ] ''orehglviehh'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəx], ''orehghr'' [oˈrʲeːr̥], ''orehglves'' [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəʃ]
 
Reflexive verbs use the following endings (all of them after the extended stem):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3SG !! 1PL !! 2PL !! 3PL
|-
! Written
| -ohbd || -yhbd || -vuds || -eshb || -ykhbo || -vehhds
|-
! Common pronunciation
| -oʊ̯d || -yːd || -vudz || -eʃoʊ̯ || -ytɕwo || -weːdz
|}
 
* ''bods orehg'' /bodz oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to go", ext. stem ''orehgl-'' : ''orehglohbd'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞoʊ̯d], ''orehglyhbd'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎyːd], ''orehglvyds'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞvudz], ''orehgleshb'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎeʃoʊ̯], ''orehglykhbo'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎytɕwo], ''orehglvehhds'' [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞweːdz]-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 14:44, 1 February 2024

Holenagic
Hgâhlenaihduq
hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid
Pronunciation[ˈɣɔɬənæjuq]
[ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ]
Created byLili21
DateSep 2017
SettingCalémere
EthnicityHolenagics
Native speakers16,000,000 (2312)

Holenagic — natively called Hgâhlenaihduq [ˈɣɔɬənæjuq] or hfrahb ê Ngâhlenaid [ˈɔː i ˈŋɔɬənætʃ] or, rarely, hfrahb uir qehfthlehgar [ˈɔː irʲ ˈq͡χeːtʰɬe.ər] — is a language of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by about 13 million people on Holenagika (Hol.: Hgâhlenaid [ˈɣɔɬənætʃ] Ísc.: Holenágieca; Cer.: Holenájica; Chl.: Hålinaica), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).

It is an Evandorian language and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar.It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in hdieigv "road" /iːvʲ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/), siôhp "fruit" /ɕef/ [ɕew], or hfrahb "language" /ɔː/ [ɔː].

External History

Holenagic is a language I have rebuilt from scratch many times. Its first version had a Lithuanian-like orthography but was very un-Lithuanian-sounding, then I began to change it in order to have something that was not really like the languages near it. After all, as Holenagica is a large island at the periphery of Evandor, it kinda made sense to have unusual features in it. So I settled for it to be the outlier of the family, with unusual sounds among Evandorian languages and an opaque, very conservative orthography. My main inspirations behind it are Irish, Klingon, and Icelandic.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes