Pradiul: Difference between revisions

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:[[Pradiul/Swadesh list]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
Line 4: Line 6:
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =  
|nativename=Γtiϝἀρ<br/>''Pradiul''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region =  
|region = Talma
|familycolor=tergetic
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=[[Lakovic]]
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|script=Windermere script
|fam2=Ashanic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Trây''' (''Trây hadlưthcô'') is a minor [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoallian]] language. It's inspired by Slavic languages and Vietnamese.  
'''Pradiul''' (temporary name) is a minority [[Tergetian]] language of Talma inspired by Khmer and my ([[User:IlL]]'s) Germanic conlang [[Thedish]]. It is a descendant of [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]], and it belongs to the [[Anbirese]]-[[Ciètian]] sprachbund.
==Gibberish==
Châdmađưth yôkhzhêm txel vrâte exphrova ôngâstô adliv sringanhu.


Found in my old Bolon article:
Numbers: dån, riat, stiev, smiåχ, miuc, tiaχ, båθ, szep, laj, þiaf, saju, sriuχ
Hơ! Hee! Nu ẞíwesơn zôviêz nhey Yươstúlɟeng ʼơư Winthúnưtzeh mangchưanưmaß!
 
Mariet ri mie Ven Dami = I live in Wen Dămea
 
==Diachronics==
a e i o u ü ah eh ih oh uh üh > ia e ie a o io iå y i å u iu


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
! |Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
! |Dental
!colspan="2" | Dental
! |Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
! |Medial
!colspan="2" | Postalveolar
! |Palatal
!colspan="2" | Velar
!  |Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
! |Labiovelar
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! <small>hard</small>
| '''m''' /m/
! <small>soft</small>
| '''n''' /n/
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mi''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''ni''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''nh''' /ɲ/
| ||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
| '''ņi''' {{IPA|ɲ}} || '''ņ''' {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!rowspan="3" | Stop
! |<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pi''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''ti''' {{IPA|tʲ}} 
| '''tx''' /ts/
|
|  
|
| '''ch''' /tʃ/
| ||
| '''c''' /k/
| '''ki''' {{IPA|c}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}}
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|  
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bi''' {{IPA|bʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''di''' {{IPA|dʲ}}
|
|
| ||
| '''gi''' {{IPA|ɟ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|||
| '''đ''' /d/
| '''θ''' {{IPA|tʰ}} || '''θi''' {{IPA|tʰʲ}}
|  
|
|  
|
|  
| ||
|  
| ||  
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
!colspan="2" | Affricate
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| '''ph''' /f/
| '''c''' {{IPA|ts}} || '''ci''' {{IPA|tɕ}}
| '''th''' /θ/
|
| '''x''' /s/
|
| '''s''' /ʂ/
| '''cz''' {{IPA|tʂ}} || '''czi''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
|  
| ||  
| '''kh''' /x/
|
|  
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
!colspan="2"|Fricative
| '''v''' /v/
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fi''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
|  
| ||  
| '''d''' /z/
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''si''' {{IPA|ɕ}}
|  
| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʂ}} || '''szi''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''gi''' /ʒ/
| '''chi''' {{IPA|ç}}
| '''g''' /ɣ/
| '''ch''' {{IPA|x}}
|  
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
!colspan=2| Resonant
|  
| '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''vi''' {{IPA|vʲ}}
| '''l''' /l/
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''li''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
|  
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || '''ri''' {{IPA|ɾʲ}}
| '''zh''' /ɹ/
| ||
| '''y''' /j/
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
| '''r''' /ʁ/
|
|  
|
|
|}
|}
Palatalization is neutralized for word-final consonants, however they assimilate to the palatalization of the next consonant: ''dån fniud'' [danʲ fʲnʲud] 'one day'. The only exception is word-final /v/ which is always [w].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
/i ɨ u e ə o ɛ a ɔ/ = i ư u ê â ô e a o
'''a/ia e/ie o/io å/iå y/i u/iu''' /a e o u i u/
 
'''å''' was a different vowel /oə~uə/ in the earliest days of written Pradiul, but has merged with '''u''' /u/ for all modern speakers.
 
Unstressed vowel: /ə/ (spelled '''a''' if nonpalatalizing and '''i''' if palatalizing)
 
===Stress===
Stress is always final, as in Windermere.
===Phonotactics===
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
 
Here is a list (modulo palatalization) by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):
*Cl: pl, tl, cl, kl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
*Cr: pr, tr, cr, kr, br, dr, gr, fr, þr, chr, sr
*Cm: tm, þm, km, chm, sm
*Cn: fn, kn, chn, sn
*Cņ: fņ, tņ, þņ, chņ, sņ
*Cv: tv, þv, kv, chv, gv, sv
*sC: sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sņ, sl, sr, sv
*chC: chm, chn, chņ, chl, chr


==Grammar==
Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.
OSV, head-final, head-marking, polysynthetic
==Script==


The grammar should confuse both Slavic and Vietnamese speakers
==Morphology==
Similar to Talmic languages? Inflected prepositions, etc.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Plural: ''x-/i-''
Like Modern Windermere, Pradiul has two articles, the definite article ''fie'' and the specific article ''sie'' (from demonstratives ''fie'' 'that' and ''sie'' 'this'; cognate to Windermere ''fi'' and ''se'' with the same meanings).


Possessive affixes:
Noun plurals are different from Windermere and use incopyfixation instead of a fixed affix: ''knol'' 'leaf', ''kalnol'' 'leaves'. (compare Windermere ''cnul'', pl. ''imcnul'')
*''rê-'' = 1sg
*''se-'' = 2sg
*''hâ-'' = 3sg
*''rêm-'' = 1pl
*''sem-'' = 2pl
*''ham-'' = 3pl


===Adpositions===
===Verbs===
Trây has no true cases or adpositions (more basic semantic relations such as dative are expressed by applicatives). There are relational nouns (often with irregular inflection) that function similarly to adpositions.
Verbs display split-ergativity like in [[Anbirese]] and [[Ciètian]].


comitative: ''txed, bod, had, divê, lavê, hevê''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitives'''


===Verbs===
:''Siåf fie paszå mie skiaθ codun.''
Bipersonal affixes are portmanteau affixes
:go blow DEF wind LOC blow everywhere
:The wind is blowing everywhere.
 
:''Snakiaþ fie paszå codun.''
:{{angbr|PST}}blow DEF wind everywhere
:The wind blew everywhere.
{{col-break}}
'''Transitives'''
 
:''Siåf fie chmåp mie kmil.''
:go DEF people LOC vote
:The people are voting.
 
:''Ties, jin mong plafnane he fie chmåp chos fie nuplakå Bichand!''
:oh_no, 3SG.M REL {{angbr|PST}}elect ERG DEF people as DEF president Bjeheond
:Oh no, the people have elected *him* as president of Bjeheond!
{{col-end}}
 
===Prepositions===
Talmic-style inflected prepositions
 
sza: to
*szar, szasz, szan, szas, szaf, szac, szang, szaszam, szam
 
mie: at, in
*mier, miesz, mien, mies, mief, miec, mieng, miszam, miam


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Trây]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 17:33, 9 August 2022

Pradiul/Swadesh list
Pradiul
Γtiϝἀρ
Pradiul
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Pradiul
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pradiul (temporary name) is a minority Tergetian language of Talma inspired by Khmer and my (User:IlL's) Germanic conlang Thedish. It is a descendant of Classical Naeng, and it belongs to the Anbirese-Ciètian sprachbund.

Numbers: dån, riat, stiev, smiåχ, miuc, tiaχ, båθ, szep, laj, þiaf, saju, sriuχ

Mariet ri mie Ven Dami = I live in Wen Dămea

Diachronics

a e i o u ü ah eh ih oh uh üh > ia e ie a o io iå y i å u iu

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft hard soft soft hard
Nasal m m mi mʲ n n̪ ni nʲ ņi ɲ ņ ŋ
Stop voiceless p p pi pʲ t t̪ ti tʲ ki c k k ʔ
voiced b b bi bʲ d d̪ di dʲ gi ɟ g g
aspirated θ tʰ θi tʰʲ
Affricate c ts ci tɕ cz tʂ czi tʃ
Fricative f f fi fʲ s s si ɕ sz ʂ szi ʃ chi ç ch x h h
Resonant v v vi vʲ l ɫ li lʲ r ɾ ri ɾʲ j j

Palatalization is neutralized for word-final consonants, however they assimilate to the palatalization of the next consonant: dån fniud [danʲ fʲnʲud] 'one day'. The only exception is word-final /v/ which is always [w].

Vowels

a/ia e/ie o/io å/iå y/i u/iu /a e o u i u/

å was a different vowel /oə~uə/ in the earliest days of written Pradiul, but has merged with u /u/ for all modern speakers.

Unstressed vowel: /ə/ (spelled a if nonpalatalizing and i if palatalizing)

Stress

Stress is always final, as in Windermere.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Here is a list (modulo palatalization) by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):

  • Cl: pl, tl, cl, kl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
  • Cr: pr, tr, cr, kr, br, dr, gr, fr, þr, chr, sr
  • Cm: tm, þm, km, chm, sm
  • Cn: fn, kn, chn, sn
  • Cņ: fņ, tņ, þņ, chņ, sņ
  • Cv: tv, þv, kv, chv, gv, sv
  • sC: sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sņ, sl, sr, sv
  • chC: chm, chn, chņ, chl, chr

Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.

Script

Morphology

Similar to Talmic languages? Inflected prepositions, etc.

Nouns

Like Modern Windermere, Pradiul has two articles, the definite article fie and the specific article sie (from demonstratives fie 'that' and sie 'this'; cognate to Windermere fi and se with the same meanings).

Noun plurals are different from Windermere and use incopyfixation instead of a fixed affix: knol 'leaf', kalnol 'leaves'. (compare Windermere cnul, pl. imcnul)

Verbs

Verbs display split-ergativity like in Anbirese and Ciètian.

Intransitives

Siåf fie paszå mie skiaθ codun.
go blow DEF wind LOC blow everywhere
The wind is blowing everywhere.
Snakiaþ fie paszå codun.
⟨PST⟩blow DEF wind everywhere
The wind blew everywhere.

Transitives

Siåf fie chmåp mie kmil.
go DEF people LOC vote
The people are voting.
Ties, jin mong plafnane he fie chmåp chos fie nuplakå Bichand!
oh_no, 3SG.M REL ⟨PST⟩elect ERG DEF people as DEF president Bjeheond
Oh no, the people have elected *him* as president of Bjeheond!


Prepositions

Talmic-style inflected prepositions

sza: to

  • szar, szasz, szan, szas, szaf, szac, szang, szaszam, szam

mie: at, in

  • mier, miesz, mien, mies, mief, miec, mieng, miszam, miam
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