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=====Final vowel has breathy or tense voice===== For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the

...opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they tak breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in

...the reflexive nor the reciprocal may occur in the subject position and the reciprocal cannot occur with a singular subject. In the list provided below the first *Reciprocal ''-e-'', ''-y-''

...of an independent clause. Non-finite verbs cannot be inflected for TAM or Voice, but can be inflected for Volition, Mirativity and Evidentiality. Of all th ==Voice==

Active voice is the standard in main clauses but never occures in relative clauses. Anti-passive voice raises the Agent to a Subject status. It is grammaticly neccisery in Relat

...ad; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patien ...ng intransitive counterparts of transitive verbs, middle voice, reflexive, reciprocal, stative (and therefore all adjectival verbs), lack of volition, and indepe

...fashion according to the following principle: '''stem''' + '''mode''' + '''voice'''. ====Voice====

===Voice and valency=== ...(grammar)#Middle|middle]], [[w:Passive voice|passive]] and [[w:Antipassive voice|antipassive]] voices reduce its valency. For increasing the valency of a ve

| {{sc|act}} || [[w:grammatical voice|active voice]], [[role and reference grammar|actor role]] | {{sc|antip, ap}} || [[w:antipassive voice|antipassive voice]]

-mi, -mbi - These are the passive suffixes used with the passive voice. They represent the "by..." construct.  Slot 3: Aspect-Intensity-Voice

! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} ! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}

| Reciprocal || N/A || /ˈɕaⁿkfə/ (HL) [ˈɕǽŋkfə̀] || /ˈtəʔʎə/ (HL) [ˈtɪ The reciprocal patientive pronoun is used where English would say "each other" or "one ano

| Voice = Yes ...al genders. There are also two numbers and conjugations occur according to voice, mood, number, tense and aspect using various affixes.

*/h/ is pronounced [ɦ] before a vowel with breathy voice. ...phonation contrast on stressed syllables, between breathy voice and tense voice. There are many minimal pairs that contrast this e.g. /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "l

...depend on the dialect), pronouns marked by verbal prefixes, a reciprocal voice marked by a reduplicative prefix, a large number of grammatical moods, and

...ation of the verb is largely carried out with suffixes to indicate aspect, voice, subject and object. The order of elements is fixed in the following ways: ...tyle="width: 100px;" | Causative <br /> ''-əm-'' ||style="width: 100px;" | Voice <br /> Marker || style="width: 100px;" | Mood <br /> Marker ||style="width:

!Reciprocal ("each other") *'''STEM'''/(TAM & voice ablaut)

...glish with sentence pairs such as "he sat down" and "he sat himself down." Reciprocal and [[w:Autocausative verb|autocausative]] verbs also belong to this catego

...ishes words with harsh voice (marked with a tilde e.g. /a̰/), from breathy voice (marked with a pair of dots either above or below the vowel e.g. /a̤/ or / ...has Low Tone on the first syllable and High Tone on the second (with harsh voice).

...lexive or reciprocal suffixes merge: ''-sy'' for reflexive and ''-ry'' for reciprocal; these two suffixes never merge with the stem themselves ''tak-sy-∅-u → ...It includes three suffixes: [[w:Preterite|preterite]], ''-n'' [[w:Passive voice|passive]] ''-uk'', [[w:Causative|causative]] ''-(i)da'', the latter of whic

! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] ! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]

...y. The Modality includes: Modal nominals, Negative, Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice, Performatives, Manner, Temporals, and Frequency. ''Voice''

=====Voice affixes===== *''ab/aa-'' = reciprocal

! Reflexive/reciprocal ====Voice====

...including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat indepe ...n agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice''' (''tailcārē tadgeroe'')<ref>For simplicity's sake, voices' names are m

'''t (2nd person/feminine endings, middle voice, definite article/modifiers):''' ...after -''d, dh'' – Exception: -''d'' assimilates to -''t''- of the middle voice to form -''t''- (instead of the expected -''d''-)

...of a specific verb as it is inflected for tense, mood, and most generally voice. These ''binyanim'' showcase typical Semitic nonconcatenative morphology, i ==== Voice ====

cluster consonants can be arbitrary as long as voice assimilated ...rmined lexically by the individual verb and must be memorized (though verb voice can promote non-subject arguments to subjects).

...n ''sik'' marks the mediopassive voice on a Syzkyn verb, which is used for reciprocal, reflexive, or passive actions.

...opassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. With the mediopassive voice, the reflexive usage is normally implied when the subject is the patient. I ===Reciprocal pronouns===

| Voice = no ====Reciprocal pronoun====

...ularly the pairing of static or “uncontrolled” meanings with the reflexive voice. Laceyiam interior endings are in fact derived by the “normal” exterior ...e word '''Laceyiam''' is in fact an Ancient Lelīmuyāńi borrowing, meaning “voice (''iyam'') of the sunset (''lacca'')”, where “sunset” means “west�

...om an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque. 1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.

...rt, nine long and four diphthongs. Nasalization, rhotacization and breathy voice are used phonemically. ...ɦ.näx] (assassinator). It's also used after consonants to indicate breathy voice.

...sists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and voice are added. The position of the affixes is restricted, with the stem (e.g. ' * '''Position 3''' denotes voice and is empty when the verb is active, but contains ''or'' when passive (e.g

====Voice==== *'''Reciprocal:''' Use the reciprocal pronoun ''hvarjander'' "each other" in the appropriate case - e.g. ''Jous s

...transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|ac - When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

'''Reciprocal''' When reciprocal is the indirect object, ''sa'' is not used, only reflexive:

* Reciprocal - ''[[Contionary: oone#Brooding|oone]]'' ===Passive voice===

...articiple. Verbs may also take the passive voice. Femmish uses the passive voice more frequently than English. The different forms of a verb can be divided === THE MIDDLE VOICE ===

...t prominent in Hiannása, the Northern Dialect. In the South, most speakers voice b, d, g and do not aspirate p, t, k. For this reason, the grammar sometimes 2. reciprocal / reflexive suffixes -dírthi -davva

The language has an [[w:Symmetrical voice|Austronesian-type]] morphosyntactic alignment, and the argument the verb ag ...) || rowspan=2 | Causative or applicative marker || rowspan=2 | '''Trigger/voice''' || rowspan=2 | '''Personal agreement''' || rowspan=2 | Dative agreemen

! Middle voice ...ata and Gesalpa are fighting (together)”; or to indicate an action that is reciprocal: ''Nicwata Gësalpa girālsailo'' “Nitswata and Gësalpa are fighting eac

The Inchoative is also used to derive the middle voice from transitive verbs, e.g. ''Yahamb saxaradaran'' "The fish pot broke", c. ...verbs, it means "to do something back at someone else", in which case the Reciprocal Adversarial affix must co-occur. For intransitive, agentive verbs, it mean

...eek and [[w:Russian language|Russian]]. Long-term Genoese colonization and reciprocal contacts also introduced many [[w:Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] lo ...refix ''eˤp-''..</ref>. Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is pho

...ective (e.g. ''tulūɂatām ñæltah jalim'' "we are six sisters/a group of six reciprocal brothers and sisters"; ''lili mæn nęltitām nūrya'' "I have four childre ...; marks the benefited argument when the verb is not in benefactive-trigger voice. If used with a subjunctive verb, means "in order to", with a nuance of hop