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:'''բրաղա, ող-մօն բոնին-ղոնի!'''
:'''pranga, áng-mon pánin-ngáni!'''
::''Remember: You walk with your feet!''
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Hrasic.png
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Hrasic
|name = Hrasic
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor= [[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br> (Menmer)
|familycolor= Creole
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=latn
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|iso1=hr
|clcr=qhr
|iso2=hr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}
'''Hrasú múng''', /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
==Background==
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Line 183: Line 189:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|խ}}լո'''
|-
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}lá'''
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}lá'''
|-
|-
Line 205: Line 213:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|խև}}յ'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|խր}}ասվ'''
|-
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|hy}}ó'''
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|hy}}ó'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|hr}}asú'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|hr}}asú'''
Line 274: Line 285:
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Script-->
| colspan="3"| '''խրո{{blue|ն}}ի'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|դ}}իան'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''ոդ{{blue|զ}}ի;'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''մյ{{blue|ղ}}ի'''
|-
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="3"| '''hrá{{blue|n}}i'''
| colspan="3"| '''hrá{{blue|n}}i'''
Line 604: Line 630:
=====Singulative=====  
=====Singulative=====  
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/
!
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/
!
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
!
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
!
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
!
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
!
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''
!
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
!
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
=====Dual-collective=====
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
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The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.


=====Examples=====
====Gender====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked.  
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
! colspan="2"|Usage
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
|-
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|-
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|}
 
====Classes====
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.


=====Animate unmarked collective=====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 645: Line 867:


|<small>gur</small>
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-∅</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!
Line 653: Line 875:
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!
!


|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


!
!


|pig.{{sc|c1.an}}
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}


Line 679: Line 901:
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|unm.an}}
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran''
|-
! Accusative
|''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama''
|-
! Dative
|''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran''
|-
! Semblative
|''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran''
|-
! Vocative
|''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran''
|}
{{Col-end}}


 
=====Animate marked collective=====
There exceptions to this, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|c2.an}}) have a marked collective instead.
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 697: Line 954:
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪæn/
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪæn/
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/


!
!
Line 710: Line 967:


|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-∅</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!
Line 723: Line 980:
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


Line 729: Line 986:


| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}


!
!


|man.{{sc|c2.an}}
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


Line 749: Line 1,006:
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
|-
!{{sc|ma.an}}
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''máng'' ||''emáng'' ||''manga''
|-
! Accusative
|''mángim'' ||''imángim'' ||''mángim''
|-
! Dative
|''mángi'' ||''emángi'' ||''mángin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''mángin'' ||''emángin'' ||''mángin''
|-
! Genitive
|''imáng'' ||''emángi'' ||''imángin''
|-
! Semblative
|''mángir'' ||''emángir'' ||''mángánir''
|-
! Vocative
|''emáng'' ||''emáng'' ||''emanga''
|}
{{Col-end}}


 
=====Inanimate unmarked collective=====
Concerning class 2 inanimate nouns ({{sc|c2.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like class 2 animates.
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
 
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''achac'''
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>chac</small>
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-∅</small>
|<small>-a</small>


!
!


|<small>a-</small>
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!


|<small>chac</small>
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!
!


| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
 
|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


!
!


|box.{{sc|c2.inan}}
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


Line 809: Line 1,102:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="2"| ''A box''
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|unm.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan''
|-
! Accusative
|''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama''
|-
! Dative
|''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan''
|-
! Semblative
|''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir''
|-
! Vocative
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan''
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}


 
=====Inanimate marked collective=====
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|c1.inan}}) have an unmarked collective, instead. These are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
 
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''hár'''
| colspan="2"|'''achac'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/
| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->


|<small>hár</small>
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>


!
!


|<small>hár</small>
|<small>a-</small>
|<small>-∅</small>
|<small>chac</small>


!
!


|<small>hár</small>
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}


!
!


 
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}


!
!


|wheat.{{sc|c1.inan}}
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}


Line 880: Line 1,207:
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->


| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''
| colspan="2"| ''A box''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''


!
!


| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
|}
 
{{col-n|2}}
====Gender====
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
====Case====
====Declension====
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|-
|-
!<small>2.inan</small>
! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
|-
|-
!
!
! <small>singular</small> !! <small>dual</small> !! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
Line 918: Line 1,243:
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|-
! Semblative
|''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
===Pronominal===
The Hrasic system of pronouns is vast and irregular, but easily understood. It is split into four parts: The singular, plural, dual, and reflexive. The dual has lost some popularity lately, but it is still used.
*The reflexives are equivalent to English "myself, himself, itself" et cetera. The nominative reflexive on the other hand is an impersonal subject like English "one, they" or "you".
====Formality register====
====Singular====
====Plural====
====Dual====
====Reflexive====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2"|Number→
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2"|Person→
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup>
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
!scope="col" colspan="3" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|1<sup>st</sup>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
!Case ↓
!Register↓
!<small>Animate</small>
!<small>Inanimate</small>
!<small>Animate masculine</small>
!<small>Animate feminine</small>
!<small>Inanimate</small>
!<small>Exclusive</small>
!<small>Inclusive</small>
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Nominative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''ác''
|''tou''
|''ta''
|''guo''
|''gá''
|''gi''
|''muo''
|''yeu''
|''sóm''
| rowspan="2"|''gán''
| rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eu''
|''thau''
|''tha''
|colspan="3"|''hám''
|''eun''
|''yám''
|''than''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Accusative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''me''
|''tum''
|''tam''
|''gum''
|''gám''
|''gin''
|''muon''
|''áyim''
|''tám''
| rowspan="2"|''hám''
| rowspan="2"|''ngám''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eumi''
|''thaun''
|''thumá''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
|''eun''
|''yeumi''
|''thaun''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Dative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áci''
|colspan="2"|''tei''
|colspan="2"|''gei''
|''gi''
|''moi''
|''yi''
|''sói''
|''gái''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ángi''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eumi''
|''thaun''
|''thumá''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
|''eun''
|''yeumi''
|''thaun''
|''hám''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Instrumental
!<small>Informal</small>
|''min''
|''toun''
|''tin''
|''guon''
|''gán''
|''gin''
|''muon''
|''yan''
|''sómin''
|''ginin''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngán''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eun''
|''thaun''
|''than''
|colspan="3"|''gihin''
|''nin''
|''yeun''
|''thán''
|''hámin''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Genitive
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áci''
|colspan="2"|''ti''
|''íguo''
|''igá''
|''gi''
|''mi''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáni''
|''sómi''
|rowspan="2"|''gáni''
|rowspan="2"|''ngáni''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''máni''
|''tuni''
|''táni''
|colspan="3"|''gáni''
|''móni''
|''tháni''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Semblative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''ar''
|''tur''
|''tar''
|''guri''
|''gári''
|''giri''
|''muri''
|''yári''
|''sómir''
|''gánir''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngánir''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eur''
|colspan="2"|''tháci''
|''hómir''
|''hámir''
|''gimir''
|''eunir''
|''yeuri''
|''thánir''
|''gánir''
|-
! rowspan="2"|Vocative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áhac''
|''atuo''
|''ata''
|''aguo''
|''aga''
|''ági''
|''amuo''
|''áyim''
|''ásóme''
|''ágáne''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''heu''
|''ehtau''
|''ehta''
|''heguo''
|''hegá''
|''hegi''
|''heun''
|''heu''
|''ehtan''
|''hegán''
|}
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-at''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''há-ngi''
|''ha-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''-ngat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-it''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-nguat''
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.


==Sample phrases==
==Sample phrases==
Line 928: Line 1,721:
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/7299...230161"

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