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:'''բրաղա, ող-մօն բոնին-ղոնի!'''
:'''pranga, áng-mon pánin-ngáni!'''
::''Remember: You walk with your feet!''
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Hrasic.png
|image = Hrasic.png
Line 4: Line 9:
|name = Hrasic
|name = Hrasic
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
Line 12: Line 17:
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=latn
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|iso1=hr
|clcr=qhr
|iso2=hr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
==Background==
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Hrasic''' language, or '''Hrasú''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Line 626: Line 630:
=====Singulative=====  
=====Singulative=====  
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.


=====Plurative=====
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''


====Gender====
!
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.


In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''


====Case====
!
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2"|Usage
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/
! colspan="2"|Example
 
|-
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
 
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
 
|-
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
 
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
!
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
 
|-
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
 
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
 
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
 
=====Plurative=====
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
 
====Gender====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
! colspan="2"|Case
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
! colspan="2"|Usage
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
Line 762: Line 834:
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
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| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
Line 835: Line 907:
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
!{{sc|unm.an}}
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
|-
|-
Line 867: Line 939:
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 934: Line 1,006:
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
Line 940: Line 1,012:
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
!{{sc|ma.an}}
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
! colspan="3"|''máng'' - mother
|-
|-
Line 947: Line 1,019:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
|''máng'' ||''imáng'' ||''manga''
|''máng'' ||''emáng'' ||''manga''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 972: Line 1,044:
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 1,040: Line 1,112:
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
Line 1,046: Line 1,118:
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
|-
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
!{{sc|unm.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
|-
Line 1,078: Line 1,150:
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 1,145: Line 1,217:
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
Line 1,505: Line 1,577:
|''áyim''
|''áyim''


|''ásóme''
|''ásóme''
 
 
|''ágáne''
|''ágáne''
 
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
!<small>Formal</small>
 
 
|''heu''
|''heu''
 
 
|''ehtau''
|''ehtau''
 
|''ehta''
 
|''heguo''
 
|''hegá''
 
|''hegi''
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}
 
 
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
 
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
 
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-at''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''há-ngi''
|''ha-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''-ngat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-it''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-nguat''
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
 
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.


|''ehta''
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.
 
|''heguo''
 
|''hegá''
 
|''hegi''
 
|''heun''
 
|''heu''
 
|''ehtan''
 
|''hegán''
|}


==Sample phrases==
==Sample phrases==
Line 1,539: Line 1,721:
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
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