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|name = Hrasic
|name = Hrasic
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|nativename = Hrasú múng
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
Line 17: Line 17:
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=latn
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|iso1=hr
|clcr=qhr
|iso2=hr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
|creator=User:Waahlis
}}
}}
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
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=====Singulative=====  
=====Singulative=====  
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.


=====Plurative=====
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''


====Gender====
!
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.


In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''


====Case====
!
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="2"|Usage
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/
! colspan="2"|Example
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
<!-- Morphemes-->
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
 
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
<!-- Gloss-->
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
|-
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
 
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
 
|-
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
 
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
!
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
 
|-
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
 
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
 
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
 
=====Plurative=====
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
 
====Gender====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
! colspan="2"|Case
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
! colspan="2"|Usage
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
|-
|-
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In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
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| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
Line 872: Line 939:
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 939: Line 1,006:
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
|+'''Declension of ''máng'''''
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The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 1,045: Line 1,112:
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
Line 1,083: Line 1,150:
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-begin}}  
{{Col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
Line 1,150: Line 1,217:
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
|}
{{Col-2}}
{{col-n|2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
Line 1,541: Line 1,608:


===Verbal===
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].  
 
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
 
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+  
|+  
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Hrasic conjugation
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
Line 1,553: Line 1,626:
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Tentative
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Perfective
!Perfective
| ''-''
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-ngi''
|
| ''-at''
| ''-nga''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
|-
!Inceptive
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''ha-''
|''há-''
|''há-ngi''
|
|''ha-at''
|''ha-''
|-
|-
!Cessative
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''ngi-''
|
|''-ngat''
|''enge-''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
|-
!Causative
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-ngzi''
|
| ''-it''
| ''-ngas''
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-ngi''
|
| ''-nguat''
|
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
 
 
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
 
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
|-
!Iterative
!Iterative
|
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|
|
|
|}
|}
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.


==Sample phrases==
==Sample phrases==
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*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
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