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{{construction}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = | | name = Aeranir | ||
| nativename = coeñar aerānir<br />coeñar inceris | |||
| pronunciation = ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠]<br />[ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr | |||
| nativename = | |||
| pronunciation = | |||
|creator=Limius | |creator=Limius | ||
|setting=''[[Avrid]]'' | |setting=''[[Avrid]]'' | ||
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]] | | state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]] | ||
| ethnicity = Aeran | | ethnicity = Aeran | ||
| Line 17: | Line 14: | ||
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]] | |ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]] | ||
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]] | |ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]] | ||
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]] | | nation = [[Aeranid Empire]] | ||
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]] | | minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]] | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
| | | clcr = qco | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar | '''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law. | ||
Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period. | Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries <small>[[New Imperial Age|BNIA]]</small> is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period. | ||
| Line 31: | Line 27: | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
=== | ===Periodisation=== | ||
{{Graphical timeline | |||
|title=Timeline of Aeranir | |||
|align=right | |||
|plot-colour=#bbeebb | |||
|from=0 | |||
|to=3000 | |||
|scale-increment=200 | |||
|width=10 | |||
|height=300 | |||
|height-unit=px | |||
|legend1=Aeran settlements | |||
== | |bar1-from=2400 | ||
|bar1-left=0 | |||
|bar1-right=0.2 | |||
= | |legend2=City of Telhramir | ||
==Phonology== | |bar2-to=2600 | ||
===Consonants=== | |bar2-left=0.1 | ||
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language. | |bar2-right=0.2 | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes | |legend3=Aeranid Kingdom | ||
|- | |legend3-colour=#e0aacc | ||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | |bar3-to=2400 | ||
! colspan="2" | Coronal | |bar3-left=0 | ||
! rowspan="2" | Palatal | |bar3-right=0.2 | ||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |bar3-colour=#e0aacc | ||
|<!-- If this was bar 4 it would be overlapped by the Botomian bar --> | |||
|bar4-to=2104 | |||
|bar4-left=0 | |||
|bar4-right=0.2 | |||
|bar4-colour=red | |||
|legend4=Aeranid Empire | |||
|legend4-colour=red | |||
|<!--Epochs & stages--> | |||
|bar5-to=1266 | |||
|bar5-from=825 | |||
|bar5-left=0 | |||
|bar5-right=0.2 | |||
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9 | |||
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire | |||
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9 | |||
|bar6-from=1172 | |||
|bar6-to=1266 | |||
|bar6-left=0.1 | |||
|bar6-right=0.2 | |||
|bar6-colour=blue | |||
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire | |||
|legend6-colour=blue | |||
|bar7-to=825 | |||
|bar7-left=0 | |||
|bar7-right=0.2 | |||
|bar7-colour=grey | |||
|legend7=Various Nations | |||
|legend7-colour=grey | |||
|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid | |||
|bar8-to=953 | |||
|bar8-from=700 | |||
|bar8-left=1 | |||
|bar8-right=1.75 | |||
|bar8-border-width=1 | |||
|bar8-border-colour= #996666 | |||
|bar8-colour=lightgrey | |||
|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir | |||
|bar9-to=953 | |||
|bar9-left=0.2 | |||
|bar9-right=1 | |||
|bar9-border-width=1 | |||
|bar9-border-colour= #996666 | |||
|bar9-colour=#cc9999 | |||
|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir | |||
|bar10-from=953 | |||
|bar10-to=1266 | |||
|bar10-left=0.2 | |||
|bar10-right=1.75 | |||
|bar10-colour=#99cc99 | |||
|bar11-text=Late Aeranir | |||
|bar11-from=1266 | |||
|bar11-to=1450 | |||
|bar11-left=0.2 | |||
|bar11-right=1.75 | |||
|bar11-colour=#99cc99 | |||
|bar11-border-width=0.1 | |||
|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir | |||
|bar12-from=1450 | |||
|bar12-to=1800 | |||
|bar12-left=0.2 | |||
|bar12-right=1.75 | |||
|bar12-border-width=0.1 | |||
|bar12-colour=#99cc99 | |||
|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir | |||
|bar13-from=1800 | |||
|bar13-to=2200 | |||
|bar13-left=0.2 | |||
|bar13-right=1.75 | |||
|bar13-border-width=0.1 | |||
|bar13-colour=#99cc99 | |||
|bar14-text=Old Aeranir | |||
|bar14-from=2200 | |||
|bar14-to=2500 | |||
|bar14-left=0.2 | |||
|bar14-right=1.75 | |||
|bar14-border-width=0.1 | |||
|bar14-colour=#99cc99 | |||
|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric | |||
|bar15-from=2500 | |||
|bar15-to=3000 | |||
|bar15-left=0.2 | |||
|bar15-right=1.75 | |||
|bar15-border-width=0.1 | |||
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb | |||
|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages | |||
|bar16-to=700 | |||
|bar16-from=0 | |||
|bar16-left=1 | |||
|bar16-right=1.75 | |||
|bar16-border-width=1 | |||
|bar16-border-colour= #996666 | |||
|bar16-colour=grey | |||
|note1=The Collapse | |||
|note1-at=1266 | |||
|note1-nudge-right=10 | |||
|note1-colour=green | |||
|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir. | |||
}} | |||
The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA. | |||
Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources). | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | |||
! colspan="2" | Coronal | |||
! rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |||
! colspan="2" | Uvular | ! colspan="2" | Uvular | ||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
| Line 105: | Line 247: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Liquid | ! Liquid | ||
| | | | ||
| r | | r | ||
| l | | l | ||
| j | | j | ||
| | | | ||
| w | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɦ | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | | |+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 151: | Line 293: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | kʰ | ||
| | | | ||
| qʰ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 222: | Line 364: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɦ | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 302: | Line 444: | ||
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes. | Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa | |+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
| Line 341: | Line 483: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | Classical Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa 1600{{Smallcaps| | |+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
| Line 401: | Line 543: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa 1200{{Smallcaps| | |+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes<br>(circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
| Line 414: | Line 556: | ||
| i | | i | ||
| (y) | | (y) | ||
| | | | ||
| u | | u | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 420: | Line 562: | ||
| e | | e | ||
| (ø) | | (ø) | ||
| | |||
| o | | o | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Mid-open | ! Mid-open | ||
| ɛ | | ɛ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| ɔ | | ɔ | ||
| Line 434: | Line 578: | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Notes on vowels==== | ====Notes on vowels==== | ||
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech. | |||
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in | |||
{| class="wikitable floatright" | {| class="wikitable floatright" | ||
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables) | |+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables) | ||
| Line 525: | Line 668: | ||
Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed. | Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed. | ||
=== Dialects === | |||
;Pēcilia Cūvae | |||
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''. | |||
: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' | |||
: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.<u>ta</u>-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs]. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
| Line 530: | Line 680: | ||
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later. | Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| qurra Rāscānus salvan | |||
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG | | read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG | ||
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}} | |'Rascanus is reading a book'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea | |||
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C | | Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C | ||
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}} | |'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā | |||
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF | | tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF | ||
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}} | |'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}} | ||
| Line 547: | Line 697: | ||
Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses. | Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | taetue ne tīn | ||
| drink-PFV.3SG.E<nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG | | drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG | ||
|'You drank the tea'}} | |'You drank the tea'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| tīn | | tīn ni taesun | ||
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG | | tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG | ||
|'The tea you drank'}} | |'The tea you drank'}} | ||
| Line 561: | Line 711: | ||
Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]: | Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]: | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre | |||
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG | | listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG | ||
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}} | |'Listen to me good fellow!'}} | ||
| Line 570: | Line 720: | ||
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it. | Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| ēs ars raius | |||
| COP.3SG. | | COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG | ||
|'It's a small wumbo'}} | |'It's a small wumbo'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| sa tlāna raia | |||
| COP.3SG. | | COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG | ||
|'It's a small flower'}} | |'It's a small flower'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| sī nātlun raiun | |||
| COP.3SG. | | COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG | ||
|'It's a small shell'}} | |'It's a small shell'}} | ||
| Line 597: | Line 747: | ||
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king' | * [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king' | ||
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king' | * [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king' | ||
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā | * [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king' | ||
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king' | * [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king' | ||
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare. | Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare. | ||
==== Uses of the cases ==== | |||
===== Genitive ===== | |||
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence. | |||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | |||
| tzilla artis auhita | |||
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG | |||
| 'The cat the person saw'}} | |||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | |||
| ars tzillae auhitūnus | |||
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG | |||
| 'The person who saw the cat'}} | |||
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones. | |||
===== Ablative ===== | |||
* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object: | |||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | |||
| furuis pālā | |||
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG | |||
| 'They fell from the tree'}} | |||
* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed: | |||
:{{interlinear|box=yes | |||
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun | |||
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG | |||
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}} | |||
===Declensions=== | ===Declensions=== | ||
| Line 848: | Line 1,026: | ||
! rowspan="2" | Directive<br>''satūmus'' | ! rowspan="2" | Directive<br>''satūmus'' | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '' | | ''tihī'' | ||
| ''īvīs'' | | ''īvīs'' | ||
| ''nivī'' | | ''nivī'' | ||
| Line 862: | Line 1,040: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Third person pronouns=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Personal pronouns | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |- | ||
|+caption | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Primary<br>''prīstūmus'' | |||
! Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''us'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''va'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''um'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''ur'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''var'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns'' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''um'' | |||
| ''vam'' | |||
| ''vī'' | |||
| ''vae'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>''soniāmus'' | ||
! | ! Essive | ||
| ''ū'' | |||
| ''vau'' | |||
| ''ū'' | |||
| ''ur'' | |||
| ''vur'' | |||
| ''ur'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Instrumental | ||
| ''urun'' | |||
| ''vārun'' | |||
| ''urun'' | |||
| ''vēs'' | |||
| ''vōs'' | |||
| ''vēs'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! < | ! Genitive | ||
! < | | ''vis'' | ||
! < | | ''vae'' | ||
! | | ''vis'' | ||
! | | ''vus'' | ||
! | | ''vāvus'' | ||
! | | ''vus'' | ||
! | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>''satūmus'' | ||
! | ! Dative | ||
| ''vī'' | |||
| ''vō'' | |||
| ''vī'' | |||
| ''vina'' | |||
| ''vāna'' | |||
| ''vina'' | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| ''vit'' | |||
| ''vā'' | |||
| ''vit'' | |||
| ''vēs'' | |||
| ''vās'' | |||
| ''vēs'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| ''vis'' | |||
| ''vīs'' | |||
| ''vis'' | |||
| ''vā'' | |||
| ''vā'' | |||
| ''vā'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Demonstrative pronouns === | |||
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages. | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun'''''<br>this, this one (proximal) | |||
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun'''''<br>that of yours (medial) | |||
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun'''''<br>that, that one (distal) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
! Temporary | |||
! Cyclical | |||
! Eternal | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! Nominative | ||
| '' | | ''seus'' | ||
| '' | | ''sea'' | ||
| '' | | rowspan="3" | ''seun'' | ||
| '' | | ''seur'' | ||
| '' | | ''sear'' | ||
| '' | | rowspan="3" | ''seunt'' | ||
| '' | | ''ustus'' | ||
| '' | | ''usta'' | ||
| '' | | rowspan="3" | ''untun'' | ||
| '' | | ''urtur'' | ||
| '' | | ''urtar'' | ||
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt'' | |||
| ''ūlus'' | |||
| ''ūla'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun'' | |||
| ''ullur'' | |||
| ''ullar'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! Accusative | ||
| '' | | ''seun'' | ||
| '' | | ''sean'' | ||
| '' | | ''sī'' | ||
| '' | | ''seae'' | ||
| '' | | ''untun'' | ||
| '' | | ''untan'' | ||
| '' | | ''vītī'' | ||
| '' | | ''vītae'' | ||
| '' | | ''ullun'' | ||
| '' | | ''ullan'' | ||
| '' | | ''vīlī'' | ||
| ''vīlae'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Vocative | |||
| ''sē'' | |||
| ''sea'' | |||
| ''seur'' | |||
| ''sear'' | |||
| ''uste'' | |||
| ''usta'' | |||
| ''urtur'' | |||
| ''urtar'' | |||
| ''ūle'' | |||
| ''ūla'' | |||
| ''ullur'' | |||
| ''ullar'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Essive | |||
| ''seū'' | |||
| ''seau'' | |||
| ''seū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seur'' | |||
| ''ūtū'' | |||
| ''ūtau'' | |||
| ''ūtū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''urtur'' | |||
| ''ūlū'' | |||
| ''ūlau'' | |||
| ''ūlū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''ullur'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''seōrun'' | |||
| ''seārun'' | |||
| ''seōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seōs'' | |||
| ''untōrun'' | |||
| ''untārun'' | |||
| ''untōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs'' | |||
| ''ullōrun'' | |||
| ''ullārun'' | |||
| ''ullōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''sī'' | |||
| ''seae'' | |||
| ''sī'' | |||
| ''seōvus'' | |||
| ''seāvus'' | |||
| ''seōvus'' | |||
| ''vistī'' | |||
| ''vistae'' | |||
| ''vistī'' | |||
| ''vustōvus'' | |||
| ''vustāvus'' | |||
| ''vustōvus'' | |||
| ''vīlī'' | |||
| ''vīlae'' | |||
| ''vīlī'' | |||
| ''vūlōvus'' | |||
| ''vūlāvus'' | |||
| ''vūlōvus'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seō'' | |||
| ''seōna'' | |||
| ''seāna'' | |||
| ''seōna'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vītō'' | |||
| ''vintōna'' | |||
| ''vintāna'' | |||
| ''vintōna'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō'' | |||
| ''villōna'' | |||
| ''villāna'' | |||
| ''villōna'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! Ablative | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''seā'' | ||
| '' | | ''seōs'' | ||
| '' | | ''seās'' | ||
| '' | | ''seōs'' | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''vistā'' | ||
| '' | | ''vēstōs'' | ||
| '' | | ''vēstās'' | ||
| '' | | ''vēstōs'' | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''vīlā'' | ||
| '' | | ''vēlōs'' | ||
| '' | | ''vēlās'' | ||
| ''vēlōs'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! Locative | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''sīs'' | ||
| | | colspan="3" | ''seā'' | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''vistīs'' | ||
| | | colspan="3" | ''vātā'' | ||
| '' | | colspan="3" | ''vīlīs'' | ||
| | | colspan="3" | ''vālā'' | ||
| '' | |||
| | |||
| '' | |||
| | |||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication. | |||
In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location. | |||
===Possessive pronouns=== | |||
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Possessive pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person | |||
| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person | ||
! colspan="6" | 3rd person | |||
! rowspan="3" | reflexive | |||
| | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | proximal | |||
| | ! colspan="2" | distal | ||
! colspan="2" | medial | |||
== | |- | ||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
| | ! <small>plural</small> | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! inalienable | |||
| ''tī''<br>''te'' | |||
| ''īster'' | |||
| ''nī''<br>''ne'' | |||
| ''rester'' | |||
| ''sī''<br>''se'' | |||
= | | ''seōvus'' | ||
| ''ūlī'' | |||
| ''ūlōvus'' | |||
| ''ustī'' | |||
| ''ustōvus'' | |||
| ''cī''<br>''ce'' | |||
''' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! alienable | |||
| ''tuius'' | |||
| ''eius'' | |||
| ''nuius'' | |||
| ''ruius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''seius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''usteius'' | |||
| ''cuius'' | |||
|} | |||
Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | se incus | ||
| | | this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'this one's head'}} | ||
Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | ēs incus telūhramir tuius | ||
| | | COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'My capital is Telhramir'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir | |||
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL | |||
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}} | |||
==Adverbs== | |||
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place. | |||
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb. | |||
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly") | |||
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran") | |||
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child") | |||
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days") | |||
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin") | |||
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae | |||
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG | |||
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī | |||
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN | |||
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}} | |||
====Number of Conjugations==== | ==Verbs== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ===Conjugation=== | ||
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm | ====Agreement==== | ||
|- | [[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]] | ||
! Aspect → | Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses. | ||
! colspan="4" | Imperfective | |||
! colspan="4" | Perfective | '''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.' | ||
|- | |||
! Mood →<br>Voice ↓ | Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claut<u>itz</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auh<u>en</u>te'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzav<u>ī</u>'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books'). | ||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
! Desiderative | | mollī cōmus | ||
! Potential | | leak-<u>3SG.E</u> <u>house</u>-NOM.SG | ||
! Indicative | |'The house is leaking'}} | ||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Desiderative | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
! Potential | | requis te coptin nuiun | ||
| return-<u>3SG.C</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG <u>hat</u>-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG | |||
|'I'm giving back your hat'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī | |||
| send-POT.<u>3SG.T</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG <u>Setil</u>-DAT.SG | |||
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}} | |||
It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]]. | |||
Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''tzāvī<u>'r</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers. | |||
====Number of Conjugations==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm | |||
|- | |||
! Aspect → | |||
! colspan="4" | Imperfective | |||
! colspan="4" | Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! Mood →<br>Voice ↓ | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Desiderative | |||
! Potential | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Desiderative | |||
! Potential | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
| Line 1,067: | Line 1,473: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ==== Conjugation formation ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable | <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;"> | ||
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div> | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan=" | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}} | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan ="2" | A-grade | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | I-grade | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | E-grade | ||
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ''strong'' | ||
! | ! ''weak'' | ||
! | ! ''strong'' | ||
! | ! ''weak'' | ||
! | ! ''strong'' | ||
! | ! ''weak'' | ||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}} | ||
! colspan="2" | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''-ī'' | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}} | ||
| ''- | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
|} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
{| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}} | |||
! | ! colspan ="2" | A-grade | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | I-grade | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | E-grade | ||
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''- | ! ''strong'' | ||
| | ! ''weak'' | ||
| rowspan=" | ! ''strong'' | ||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
====Principle Parts==== | |||
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Basic verb endings | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Active | ||
! colspan="2" | Middle | |||
! colspan="2" | Passive | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Imperfective | ||
| | ! Perfective | ||
| | ! Imperfective | ||
| ''- | ! Perfective | ||
| | ! Imperfective | ||
| | ! Perfective | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''- | ! rowspan="5" | Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | 1st Person | ||
| ''-itz/-it'' | |||
| ''-ī'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-or/-ō'' | ||
| ''-ō'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-ēlō'' | ||
| ''-ēlō'' | |||
| ''- | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | 2nd Person | ||
| ''-in'' | |||
| ''-in'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-istī'' | ||
| ''-ist'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-ēlāstī'' | ||
| rowspan=" | | ''-ēlast'' | ||
| rowspan=" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | ! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person | ||
! <small> ''temporary'' <small> | |||
| ''-is'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-is'' | ||
| | | ''-erur'' | ||
| | | rowspan="3" | ''-ere'' | ||
| ''-ēlārur'' | |||
| ''- | | rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre'' | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! <small> ''cyclical'' <small> | ||
| | | ''-a'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-a'' | ||
| | | ''-era'' | ||
| | | ''-ēlāra'' | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| ''- | ! <small> ''eternal'' <small> | ||
| | | ''-ī'' | ||
| | | ''-e'' | ||
| ''-erur'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-ēlārur'' | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="5" | Plural | |||
! colspan="2" | 1st Person | |||
| ''- | | ''-imus'' | ||
| ''-ime'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-imur'' | ||
| | | ''-imur'' | ||
| | | ''-ēlāmur'' | ||
| ''-ēlāme'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person | |||
| ''-itis'' | |||
| ''-ite'' | |||
| ''-itur'' | |||
| ''-itur'' | |||
| ''-ēlātur'' | |||
| ''-ēlāte'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person | |||
| ''-intz/-int'' | |||
| ''-int'' | |||
| ''-intur'' | |||
| ''-intur'' | |||
| ''-ēlantur'' | |||
| ''-ēlante'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions: | |||
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular | |||
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive | |||
#the active perfective participle | |||
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular | |||
#the active indicative perfective first person singular | |||
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively. | |||
{| class="wikitable | The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending. | ||
|+caption | | {| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ||
|+caption | Consonant stem changes | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
! | ! | ||
! t-stem | |||
! s-stem | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-m-'' | |||
| → '''''-mpt-''''' | |||
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-n-'' | |||
| → '' | | → '''''-nt-''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ñ-'' | |||
| → '' | | → '''''-ñct-''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-p-'' | |||
| → ''- | | → '''''-pt-''''' | ||
| → ''- | | → '''''-ps-''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-t-'' | |||
| → ''- | | rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-'''''<br>→ '''''-s-'''''** | ||
| → ''- | | rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-'''''<br>→ '''''-s-'''''** | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-tl-'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-tz-'' | |||
| → ''- | |- | ||
| → ''- | | ''-c-'' | ||
| → ''- | | rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-''''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''-cu-'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''-q-'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-''''' | |||
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-qu-'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-s-'' | |||
| → '''''-st-''''' | |||
| → '''''-ss-'''''<br>→ '''''-s-'''''** | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-r-'' | |||
| ''- | | → '''''-st-'''''<br>→ '''''-s-'''''**<br>→ '''''-rt-'''''†† | ||
| '' | | → '''''-ss-'''''<br>→ '''''-s-'''''**<br>→ '''''-rr-'''''†† | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''- | | ''-l-'' | ||
| '' | | → '''''-s-'''''**<br>→ '''''-lt-'''''†† | ||
| → '''''-s-'''''**<br>→ '''''-ll-'''''†† | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-v-'' | |||
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡<br>→ '''''-ct-'''''*††<br>→ '''''-qt-'''''*†† | |||
| ''- | | → '''''-ur-'''''‡<br>→ '''''-x-'''''*††<br>→ '''''-qs-'''''*†† | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-i-'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''*<br>→ '''''-qt-'''''*†† | |||
| '' | | rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''*<br>→ '''''-qs-'''''*†† | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''- | | ''-h-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-V-'' | |||
| ''- | | → '''''-Vt-''''' | ||
| | | → '''''-Vr-''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Theme-ending combination | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending'' | |||
! colspan="3" | ''Theme'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-ā-'' | |||
! ''-ē-'' | |||
! ''-ī-'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-itz'' | |||
| | | → ''-atz'' | ||
|' | | → ''-etz'' | ||
| → ''-itz'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-is'' | |||
| → ''-ās'' | |||
| → ''-ēs'' | |||
| → ''-īs'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-a'' | |||
| → ''-a'' | |||
| → ''-ea'' | |||
| → ''-ia'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-ī'' | |||
| → ''-ae'' | |||
| → ''-ī'' | |||
| → ''-ī'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-imus'' | |||
| → ''-āmus'' | |||
| → ''-ēmus'' | |||
| → ''-īmus'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-or'' | |||
| → ''-or'' | |||
| → ''-eor'' | |||
| → ''-ior'' | |||
|- | |||
! ''-ēlō'' | |||
| → ''-ālō'' | |||
| → ''-ēlō'' | |||
| → ''-iēlō'' | |||
|} | |||
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare. | |||
The ''' | The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings. | ||
Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''. | |||
===Aspect=== | |||
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above. | |||
====Imperfective==== | |||
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel. | |||
==== | ====Pefective==== | ||
The | The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future. | ||
There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings. | |||
::: '''''{{term| | :*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem. | ||
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → ''''' | :::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me") | ||
:* | :::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me") | ||
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → ''''' | :*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel. | ||
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → ''''' | :::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me") | ||
:* | :::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me") | ||
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → ''''' | :*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening. | ||
:::'''''{{term| | :::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me") | ||
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me") | |||
==== | ===Mood=== | ||
The | ====Indicative==== | ||
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix. | |||
: | ====Subjunctive==== | ||
:: | The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...). | ||
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Type | |||
! Change | |||
! Example | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs | |||
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | |||
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet''''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-''''' | |||
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō''''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Strong<br>Verbs | |||
! <small> a-stem <small> | |||
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-''''' | |||
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet'''''<br>''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō''''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small> | |||
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | |||
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat''''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-''''' | |||
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō''''' | |||
|- | |||
! <small> e-stem <small> | |||
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-''''' | |||
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat'''''<br>''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō''''' | |||
|} | |||
=====Forming the subjunctive===== | |||
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians. | |||
The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take"). | |||
The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it"). | |||
=== | =====Uses of the subjunctive===== | ||
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb. | |||
=== | |||
The | |||
One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | auheārur seun oeliun stērē | ||
| see-MID.3SG. | | see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV | ||
|' | |'This job ''seems'' difficult'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | moeiea Osculan tzānū salva | ||
| | | please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}} | ||
The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus | ||
| | | come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}} | ||
The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''. | |||
| | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | ven hānō ē vecō veniennō | ||
| | | go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT | ||
|' | |<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}} | ||
Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''. | |||
====Desiderative==== | |||
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem; | |||
:{{ | :*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root. | ||
| | ::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me") | ||
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me") | |||
|' | :*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''. | ||
| | :::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me") | ||
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me") | |||
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well. | |||
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me") | |||
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me") | |||
====Potential==== | |||
| | The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed; | ||
|' | |||
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root. | |||
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me") | |||
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me") | |||
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel. | |||
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me") | |||
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me") | |||
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well. | |||
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me") | |||
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me") | |||
It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-''; | |||
*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it") | |||
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it") | |||
===Voice=== | |||
====Active==== | |||
====Middle==== | |||
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb. | |||
The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement. | |||
The | |||
* '''''aeh<u>atz</u>''''' 'they love <u>me</u>' (''active'') → '''''aeh<u>or</u>''''' '<u>I</u> love' (''middle'') | |||
* '''''lec<u>is</u>''''' 'they<sub>i</sub> choose <u>them<sub>j</sub></u>' (''active'') → '''''lec<u>erur</u>''''' '<u>they<sub>j</sub></u> choose' (''middle'') | |||
: | [[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning. | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | auhērur seus ars | ||
| | | see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'That wumbo sees' | ||
|c1 = (''more animate'')}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | auhēra sea salva | ||
| | |see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'That book is seen' | ||
|c1 = (''less animate'')}} | |||
Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | vascit vominis | ||
| | |wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG | ||
|'They | |'They wash me in a river' | ||
|c1 = (''active voice'')}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | vascor vominis | ||
| | |wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG | ||
|' | |'I washed (myself) in a river' | ||
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | hastās Oscus aprun | ||
| | |sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG | ||
|' | |'Oscus sacrificed a fish' | ||
|c1 = (''active voice'')}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | hastārur Oscus aprōrun | ||
| | |sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG | ||
|' | |'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)' | ||
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}} | |||
Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē | |||
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily | |||
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice' | |||
|c1 = (''active voice'')}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē | ||
| | |hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily | ||
|' | |'I like to hear (my) friend's voice' | ||
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}} | |||
The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs | |||
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well | |||
{| | |'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}} | ||
| | |||
|- | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs | |||
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well | |||
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}} | |||
====Passive==== | |||
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both. | |||
=====Uses of the passive===== | |||
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| taeterur seun tīn iūs | |||
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |||
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}} | |||
| '' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '' | |||
| ''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
===== | |||
= | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs | |||
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |||
|'This tea is drunk often'}} | |||
: | While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]]. | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun | ||
| | |rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}} | ||
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| miquientur | |||
|die-MID.3PL.T | |||
|'They are dead/dying.'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| miquiēlantur | |||
|die-PAS.3PL.T | |||
|'There are people dead/dying'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta | |||
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | |||
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | mūhēlāra artina inceris alta | ||
| | |not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | ||
|' | |'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}} | ||
| | |||
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere | |||
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG | |||
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| miquīvēlast apiesterā | |||
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG | |||
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}} | |||
In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative''). | |||
In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree'). | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | ====Causative==== | ||
| sintz menterur | ===Non-finite forms=== | ||
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six | ====The infinitive==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Imperfective | |||
! colspan="3" | Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! accusative | |||
! oblique | |||
! meaning | |||
! accusative | |||
! oblique | |||
! meaning | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Active | |||
| '''''aehāhā'''''<br>''-hā'' | |||
| '''''aehāri'''''<br>''-ri'' | |||
| ''to love<br>(someone)'' | |||
| '''''aehāhī'''''<br>''-hī'' | |||
| '''''aehārī'''''<br>''-rī'' | |||
| ''to have loved<br>(someone)'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Middle | |||
| '''''aehāssi'''''<br>''-ssi'' | |||
| '''''aehāiēs'''''<br>''-iēs'' | |||
| ''to love'' | |||
| '''''aehāssī'''''<br>''-ssī'' | |||
| '''''aehāiērī'''''<br>''-iērī'' | |||
| ''to have loved'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Passive | |||
| '''''aehātus sinhā'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + sinhā'' | |||
| '''''aehātus fiēs'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiēs'' | |||
| ''to be loved'' | |||
| '''''aehātus fūhī'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fūhī'' | |||
| '''''aehātus fiērī'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiērī'' | |||
| ''to have been<br>loved'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Causative | |||
| '''''aehātīhā'''''<br>''-tīhā'' | |||
| '''''aehātīri'''''<br>''-tīri'' | |||
| ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)'' | |||
| '''''aehātīhī'''''<br>''-tīhī'' | |||
| '''''aehātīrī'''''<br>''-tīrī'' | |||
| ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)'' | |||
|} | |||
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses. | |||
=====Uses of the infinitive===== | |||
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī | |||
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF | |||
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā | |||
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF | |||
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}} | |||
==== The gerund ==== | |||
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb. | |||
===== Forming the gerund ===== | |||
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking'). | |||
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing'). | |||
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting'). | |||
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open'). | |||
===== Uses of the gerund ===== | |||
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.' | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater | |||
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG | |||
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}} | |||
This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.' | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī | |||
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF | |||
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}} | |||
This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.' | |||
In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū | |||
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS | |||
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}} | |||
The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī | |||
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN | |||
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna | |||
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL | |||
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}} | |||
Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō | |||
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT | |||
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō | |||
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT | |||
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}} | |||
The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē | |||
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV | |||
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae | |||
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG | |||
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}} | |||
==Semantics== | |||
=== Temporal expressions === | |||
The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day. | |||
The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time; | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō | |||
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT | |||
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī | |||
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL | |||
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}} | |||
To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau | |||
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG | |||
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun | |||
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG | |||
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}} | |||
=== Possession === | |||
There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.' | |||
The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed: | |||
* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person; | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| ēs iarius taurātīs | |||
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG | |||
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)' | |||
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | |||
* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people; | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō | |||
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG | |||
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)' | |||
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin | |||
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six | |||
|'I have six siblings' | |'I have six siblings' | ||
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | |c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | ||
* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts; | * '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts; | ||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| sī incus iūrun nēnē | | sī incus iūrun nēnē | ||
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL | | COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL | ||
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)' | |'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)' | ||
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | |c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}} | ||
For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for. | For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for. | ||
=== | === Conditionals === | ||
Aeranir | Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite). | ||
{| class="wikitable | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
|+caption | | | sopis furea requeō cōmerī | ||
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | |||
|'If it snows I'm going home' | |||
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī | |||
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | |||
|'If it snows I'm going home' | |||
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}} | |||
When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument. | |||
Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when' | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! ''Protasis'' certain | |||
! ''Protasis'' uncertain | |||
|- | |||
! ''Apodosis'' certain | |||
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak' | |||
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain | |||
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak' | |||
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak' | |||
|} | |||
== Numbers == | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400 | |||
|- | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''īmus'' | |||
| ''prīstus'' | |||
| ''temper'' | |||
! 11 | |||
| ''īnhīntur'' | |||
| ''īnhīnsus'' | |||
| ''īnhīntin'' | |||
! 21 | |||
| ''calhier īmus'' | |||
| ''calhitus prīstus'' | |||
| ''calhin temper'' | |||
! 120 | |||
| ''octzāculhier'' | |||
| ''octzāculhitus'' | |||
| ''octzāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''sēr'' | |||
| ''metzumnus'' | |||
| ''vēriēs'' | |||
! 12 | |||
| ''verhīntur'' | |||
| ''verhīnsus'' | |||
| ''verhīntin'' | |||
! 22 | |||
| ''calhier sēr'' | |||
| ''calhitus metzumnus'' | |||
| ''calhin vēriēs'' | |||
! 140 | |||
| ''nāculhier'' | |||
| ''nāculhitus'' | |||
| ''nāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ''morier'' | |||
| ''moritus'' | |||
| ''moriēs'' | |||
! 13 | |||
| ''prōhīntur'' | |||
| ''prōhīnsus'' | |||
| ''prōhīntin'' | |||
! 30 | |||
| ''calhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''calhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''calhin qehen'' | |||
! 160 | |||
| ''nāquenculhier'' | |||
| ''nāquenculhitus'' | |||
| ''nāquenculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| ''quatlur'' | |||
| ''quallus'' | |||
| ''quatziēs'' | |||
! 14 | |||
| ''quatlāhīntur'' | |||
| ''quatlāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''quatlāhīntin'' | |||
! 40 | |||
| ''verculhier'' | |||
| ''verculhitus'' | |||
| ''verculhin'' | |||
! 180 | |||
| ''nātlicculhier'' | |||
| ''nātlicculhitus'' | |||
| ''nātlicculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| ''quiquier'' | |||
| ''quiqtus'' | |||
| ''quiquin'' | |||
! 15 | |||
| ''quihīntur'' | |||
| ''quihīnsus'' | |||
| ''quihīntin'' | |||
! 50 | |||
| ''verculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''verculhin qehen'' | |||
! 200 | |||
| ''tammīttler'' | |||
| ''tammīttus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs'' | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| ''octzuer'' | |||
| ''octzūmus'' | |||
| ''octzuin'' | |||
! 16 | |||
| ''octzāhīntur'' | |||
| ''octzāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''octzāhīntin'' | |||
! 60 | |||
| ''prōculhier'' | |||
| ''prōculhitus'' | |||
| ''prōculhin'' | |||
! 220 | |||
| ''tammīttler calhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus calhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs calhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| ''nāier'' | |||
| ''nāntus'' | |||
| ''nāhin'' | |||
! 17 | |||
| ''nāhīntur'' | |||
| ''nāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''nāhīntin'' | |||
! 70 | |||
| ''prōculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''prōculhin qehen'' | |||
! 240 | |||
| ''tammīttler verculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus verculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ''nāquemur'' | |||
| ''nāquemmus'' | |||
| ''nāquemin'' | |||
! 18 | |||
| ''sērēsculhier'' | |||
| ''sērēsculhitus'' | |||
| ''sērēsculhin'' | |||
! 80 | |||
| ''quatlāculhier'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhitus'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhin'' | |||
! 260 | |||
| ''tammīttler prōculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| ''nātlittzier'' | |||
| ''nātlittzitus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzin'' | |||
! 19 | |||
| ''īmāculhier'' | |||
| ''īmāculhitus'' | |||
| ''īmāculhin'' | |||
! 90 | |||
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhin qehen'' | |||
! 280 | |||
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| ''qehentzier'' | |||
| ''qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''qehen'' | |||
! 20 | |||
| ''calhier'' | |||
| ''calhitus'' | |||
| ''calhin'' | |||
! 100 | |||
| ''quicculhier'' | |||
| ''quicculhitus'' | |||
| ''quicculhin'' | |||
! 400 | |||
| ''mīttler'' | |||
| ''mīttus'' | |||
| ''mīttziēs'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-64,000,000 | |||
|- | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 800 | |||
| ''vermīttler'' | |||
| ''vermīttus'' | |||
| ''vermīttziēs'' | |||
! 16,000 | |||
| ''verittuer'' | |||
| ''verittūtus'' | |||
| ''verittuin'' | |||
! 320,000 | |||
| ''verōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''verōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''verōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 6,400,000 | |||
| ''verictzuōner'' | |||
| ''verictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''verictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1,200 | |||
| ''prōmīttler'' | |||
| ''prōmīttus'' | |||
| ''prōmīttziēs'' | |||
! 24,000 | |||
| ''prōttuer'' | |||
| ''prōttūtus'' | |||
| ''prōttuin'' | |||
! 480,000 | |||
| ''prōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''prōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''prōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 9,600,000 | |||
| ''prōctzuōner'' | |||
| ''prōctzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''prōctzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1,600 | |||
| ''quatlāmīttler'' | |||
| ''quatlāmīttus'' | |||
| ''quatlāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 32,000 | |||
| ''quatlāttuer'' | |||
| ''quatlāttūtus'' | |||
| ''quatlāttuin'' | |||
! 640,000 | |||
| ''quatlōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''quatlōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''quatlōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 12,800,000 | |||
| ''quatlictzuōner'' | |||
| ''quatlictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''quatlictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,000 | |||
| ''quimīttler'' | |||
| ''quimīttus'' | |||
| ''quimīttziēs'' | |||
! 40,000 | |||
| ''quiquittuer'' | |||
| ''quiquittūtus'' | |||
| ''quiquittuin'' | |||
! 800,000 | |||
| ''quiqōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''quiqōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''quiqōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 16,000,000 | |||
| ''quictzuōner'' | |||
| ''quictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''quictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,400 | |||
| ''octzāmīttler'' | |||
| ''octzāmīttus'' | |||
| ''octzāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 48,000 | |||
| ''octzāttuer'' | |||
| ''octzāttūtus'' | |||
| ''octzāttuin'' | |||
! 960,000 | |||
| ''octzōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''octzōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''octzōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 19,200,000 | |||
| ''vulhiāhur'' | |||
| ''vulhiātus'' | |||
| ''vulhiāhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,800 | |||
| ''nāmīttler'' | |||
| ''nāmīttus'' | |||
| ''nāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 56,000 | |||
| ''nāttuer'' | |||
| ''nāttūtus'' | |||
| ''nāttuin'' | |||
! 1,120,000 | |||
| ''nōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 22,400,000 | |||
| ''nōctzuōner'' | |||
| ''nōctzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nōctzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3,200 | |||
| ''nāquemīttler'' | |||
| ''nāquemīttus'' | |||
| ''nāquemīttziēs'' | |||
! 64,000 | |||
| ''nāquemittuer'' | |||
| ''nāquemittūtus'' | |||
| ''nāquemittuin'' | |||
! 1,280,000 | |||
| ''nāquemōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nāquemōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nāquemōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 25,600,000 | |||
| ''nāquemictzuōner'' | |||
| ''nāquemictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nāquemictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3,600 | |||
| ''nātlimīttler'' | |||
| ''nātlimīttus'' | |||
| ''nātlimīttziēs'' | |||
! 72,000 | |||
| ''nātlittzittuer'' | |||
| ''nātlittzittūtus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzittuin'' | |||
! 1,440,000 | |||
| ''nātlittzōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nātlittzōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 28,800,000 | |||
| ''nātlictzuōner'' | |||
| ''nātlictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nātlictzuō'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 4,000 | ||
! | | ''tamittuer'' | ||
| ''tamittūtus'' | |||
| ''tamittuin'' | |||
! 80,000 | |||
| ''tamōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''tamōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''tamōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 1,600,000 | |||
| ''tamictzuōner'' | |||
| ''tamictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''tamictzuō'' | |||
! 32,000,000 | |||
| ''tamōtluar octzuōner'' | |||
| ''tamōtluus octzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''tamōtlua octzuō'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 8,000 | ||
| ''attuer'' | |||
| ''attūtus'' | |||
| ''attuin'' | |||
! 160,000 | |||
| ''ōtlua attuer'' | |||
| | | ''ōtlua attūtus'' | ||
| | | ''ōtlua attuin'' | ||
! 3,200,000 | |||
| ''octzuōner'' | |||
| ''octzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''octzuō'' | |||
| | ! 64,000,000 | ||
| ''ōtlua octzuōner'' | |||
| | | ''ōtlua octzuōnitus'' | ||
| ''ōtlua octzuō'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
==Late Aeranir inovations== | ==Late Aeranir inovations== | ||