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Aeranir (view source)

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| name = Aeranir
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
| nativename = coeñar aerānir<br />coeñar inceris
|-
| pronunciation =  ˈk̟øː.ɲar&nbsp;ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠]<br />[ˈk̟øː.ɲar&nbsp;ɛːˈraː.nɪr
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation =  [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠],<br> [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| ethnicity = Aeran
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|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
| clcr = qco
}}
}}


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|
|
| kʰ
| kʰ
| kʷʰ
|
| qʰ
| qʰ
| qʷʰ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
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Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights.  These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables.  A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both.  If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed.  If not, the antipenult is stressed.
Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights.  These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables.  A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both.  If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed.  If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation.  It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice').  However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use.  This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.
: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]].  Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls.  Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora.  However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex.  A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two.  On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora.  So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''
: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls.  Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.<u>ta</u>-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetue ne tīn
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}
|'You drank the tea'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ne tessun
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}
|'The tea you drank'}}
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ītē arte tihī iūre
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}
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* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēnī'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.
==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting.  In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object.  The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]].  Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses.  However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.
===== Ablative =====
* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}
* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}


===Declensions===
===Declensions===
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|}
|}


===Possessive pronouns===
===Third person pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc.  Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession. 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
 
|+caption | Personal pronouns
{| class="wikitable"   style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! Temporary
! colspan="2" | distal
! Cyclical
! colspan="2" | medial
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
|-
! <small>singular</small>
! rowspan="3" | Primary<br>''prīstūmus''
! <small>plural</small>
! Nominative
! <small>singular</small>
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
! <small>plural</small>
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
! <small>singular</small>
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
! <small>plural</small>
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
! <small>singular</small>
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
! <small>plural</small>
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
! <small>singular</small>
|-
! <small>plural</small>
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential<br>''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive<br>''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}
 
=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts.  The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix.  This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir.  However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers.  Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''.  Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun'''''<br>this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun'''''<br>that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun'''''<br>that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
! Nominative
| ''tī''<br>''te''
| ''seus''
| ''īster''
| ''sea''
| ''nī''<br>''ne''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''rester''
| ''seur''
| ''sī''<br>''se''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''vistī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''vistae''
| ''ustī''
| ''vistī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''cī''<br>''ce''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
! Locative
| ''tuius''
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| ''eius''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''nuius''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
|}
| ''cuius''
</div>
|}
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.


Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun.  These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts.  These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety.  Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.
In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created.  These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.


:{{interlinear | box=yes
===Possessive pronouns===
| se incus
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc.  Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession. 
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
 
|'this one's head'}}
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī''<br>''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''<br>''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī''<br>''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī''<br>''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}
 
Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun.  These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts.  These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety.  Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.


Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives.  These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards.  Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning.  The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.'  With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not.  However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}
==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs.  There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with the verb ''ficitz'' ("it makes me").  The an adverb, this verb can mean ''to make someone into something'' or in the middle voice ''to become''.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē maiennī
| se incus
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}
|'this one's head'}}


==Verbs==
Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives.  These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards.  Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning.  The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.'  With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not.  However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}
 
==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs.  There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into").  Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}
 
==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
====Agreement====
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| emptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.<u>3SG.T</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG <u>Setil</u>-DAT.SG
| send-POT.<u>3SG.T</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG <u>Setil</u>-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}
Line 1,530: Line 1,817:


====Principle Parts====
====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''stem''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective.  The stem carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation.  The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings.  Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective.  The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''.  The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation.  The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings.  Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|+caption | Basic verb endings
Line 1,559: Line 1,846:
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-istī''
| ''-iste''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlāste''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
Line 1,575: Line 1,862:
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-erra''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlārra''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small> ''eternal'' <small>
! <small> ''eternal'' <small>
Line 1,732: Line 2,019:
| → ''-iēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
|}
The second two determine a verbs's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''.  These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''.  The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''.  These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''.  The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.


The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect.  Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")).  It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.
The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect.  Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")).  It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.
Line 1,772: Line 2,059:
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''mentitz'' → '''''mentet'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''mentēlō'' → '''''mentālō'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong<br>Verbs
! rowspan="4" | Strong<br>Verbs
Line 1,784: Line 2,071:
! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small>
! rowspan="2" | <small> i-stem <small>
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''saepitz'' → '''''saepiat'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''saepiēlō'' → '''''saepiālō'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
|-
! <small> e-stem <small>
! <small> e-stem <small>
Line 1,794: Line 2,081:
|}
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left.  This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative.  So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''saepiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''saepuēs''''' (from indicative '''''saepuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''saepēvis''.  Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left.  This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative.  So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''.  Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.


The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").
The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").
Line 1,881: Line 2,168:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērra sea salva  
| auhēra sea salva  
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|'That book is seen'
Line 1,889: Line 2,176:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominīs
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|'They wash me in a river'
Line 1,895: Line 2,182:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominīs
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
Line 1,915: Line 2,202:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ītēs te ponun carīnī hellē
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
Line 1,921: Line 2,208:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| īteor ponā carīnī hellē
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
Line 1,929: Line 2,216:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrerra salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ne fictun satun iūs
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}
Line 1,945: Line 2,232:


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| teterur seun tīn iūs  
| taeterur seun tīn iūs  
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetēlārur seun tīn iūs  
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs  
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}
|'This tea is drunk often'}}
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:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūherra (sea) artina inceris alta  
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta  
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlārra artina inceris alta  
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta  
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}


Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome.
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome.  The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
Line 1,990: Line 2,277:
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}


====Causative====
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}
 
In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain.  For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable.  However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative''). 
 
In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree.  In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').
 
====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
====The infinitive====
Line 2,008: Line 2,304:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
! Active
| '''''aehāhan'''''<br>''-han''
| '''''aehāhā'''''<br>''-hā''
| '''''aehāre'''''<br>''-re''
| '''''aehāri'''''<br>''-ri''
| ''to love<br>(someone)''
| ''to love<br>(someone)''
| '''''aehāhī'''''<br>''-hī''
| '''''aehāhī'''''<br>''-hī''
Line 2,016: Line 2,312:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
! Middle
| '''''aehāsse'''''<br>''-sse''
| '''''aehāssi'''''<br>''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs'''''<br>''-iēs''
| '''''aehāiēs'''''<br>''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| ''to love''
Line 2,024: Line 2,320:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus sinhā'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + sinhā''
| '''''aehātus fiēs'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiēs''
| '''''aehātus fiēs'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| ''to be loved''
Line 2,032: Line 2,328:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan'''''<br>''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīhā'''''<br>''-tīhā''
| '''''aehātīre'''''<br>''-tīre''
| '''''aehātīri'''''<br>''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)''
| ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī'''''<br>''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīhī'''''<br>''-tīhī''
Line 2,039: Line 2,335:
| ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)''
| ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)''
|}
|}
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses.
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.


:{{interlinear | box=yes  
:{{interlinear | box=yes  
| pēra tihī incerī ne cīhī
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}


:{{interlinear | box=yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ītēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}


==== The gerund ====
==== The gerund ====
 
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb.  It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb.  It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').


==Semantics==
===== Uses of the gerund =====
=== Possession ===
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case.  The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence.  The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur.  This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}
 
This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example.  In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time.  This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}
 
This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'
 
In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim.  In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}


There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession.  Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]].  For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'
The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose.  The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.


The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}


* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}


:{{interlinear | box = yes
Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}


* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}


:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}
 
The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.'  The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}
 
==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===
 
The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long.  The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season.  Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock.  Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.
 
The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}
 
To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used.  To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}
 
=== Possession ===
 
There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession.  Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]].  For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'
 
The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:
 
* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
 
* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
 
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzin
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
 
 
* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;
* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;
 
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}
 
 
For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes.  For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used.  Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person.  This can be more humble or polite than the locative.  Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.
For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes.  For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used.  Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person.  This can be more humble or polite than the locative.  Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.
 
 
===Kinship===
=== Conditionals ===
 
 
Aeranir kinship terms do not distinguish sex or gender, with the possible exception of the mother and father.  The basis of the Classical Aeranid 'family' was the House (''{{term|cōmus}}''), and a child automatically became a part of its mother's House, unless a some other arrangement was decided on in advance.  However, Aeranid Houses were not formed strictly on the basis of blood-relation.  Instead, they were usually founded between groups of friends and colleagues, and membership in a house could change throughout one's life at one's discretion.
Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech.  Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).
 
 
{| class="wikitable floatright"
:{{interlinear | box = yes
|+caption | Kinship terms
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}
 
:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}
 
When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.
 
Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant.  No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required.  The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion.  Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition.  This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'
 
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}
 
== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|- 
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|- 
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|- 
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|- 
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|- 
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|- 
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|- 
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|- 
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|- 
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>
 
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-64,000,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
| ''vermīttler''
| ''vermīttus''
| ''vermīttziēs''
! 16,000
| ''verittuer''
| ''verittūtus''
| ''verittuin''
! 320,000
| ''verōtluar attuer''
| ''verōtluus attūtus''
| ''verōtlua attuin''
! 6,400,000
| ''verictzuōner''
| ''verictzuōnitus''
| ''verictzuō''
|-
! 1,200
| ''prōmīttler''
| ''prōmīttus''
| ''prōmīttziēs''
! 24,000
| ''prōttuer''
| ''prōttūtus''
| ''prōttuin''
! 480,000
| ''prōtluar attuer''
| ''prōtluus attūtus''
| ''prōtlua attuin''
! 9,600,000
| ''prōctzuōner''
| ''prōctzuōnitus''
| ''prōctzuō''
|-
! 1,600
| ''quatlāmīttler''
| ''quatlāmīttus''
| ''quatlāmīttziēs''
! 32,000
| ''quatlāttuer''
| ''quatlāttūtus''
| ''quatlāttuin''
! 640,000
| ''quatlōtluar attuer''
| ''quatlōtluus attūtus''
| ''quatlōtlua attuin''
! 12,800,000
| ''quatlictzuōner''
| ''quatlictzuōnitus''
| ''quatlictzuō''
|-
! 2,000
| ''quimīttler''
| ''quimīttus''
| ''quimīttziēs''
! 40,000
| ''quiquittuer''
| ''quiquittūtus''
| ''quiquittuin''
! 800,000
| ''quiqōtluar attuer''
| ''quiqōtluus attūtus''
| ''quiqōtlua attuin''
! 16,000,000
| ''quictzuōner''
| ''quictzuōnitus''
| ''quictzuō''
|-
! 2,400
| ''octzāmīttler''
| ''octzāmīttus''
| ''octzāmīttziēs''
! 48,000
| ''octzāttuer''
| ''octzāttūtus''
| ''octzāttuin''
! 960,000
| ''octzōtluar attuer''
| ''octzōtluus attūtus''
| ''octzōtlua attuin''
! 19,200,000
| ''vulhiāhur''
| ''vulhiātus''
| ''vulhiāhin''
|-
! 2,800
| ''nāmīttler''
| ''nāmīttus''
| ''nāmīttziēs''
! 56,000
| ''nāttuer''
| ''nāttūtus''
| ''nāttuin''
! 1,120,000
| ''nōtluar attuer''
| ''nōtluus attūtus''
| ''nōtlua attuin''
! 22,400,000
| ''nōctzuōner''
| ''nōctzuōnitus''
| ''nōctzuō''
|-
! 3,200
| ''nāquemīttler''
| ''nāquemīttus''
| ''nāquemīttziēs''
! 64,000
| ''nāquemittuer''
| ''nāquemittūtus''
| ''nāquemittuin''
! 1,280,000
| ''nāquemōtluar attuer''
| ''nāquemōtluus attūtus''
| ''nāquemōtlua attuin''
! 25,600,000
| ''nāquemictzuōner''
| ''nāquemictzuōnitus''
| ''nāquemictzuō''
|-
! 3,600
| ''nātlimīttler''
| ''nātlimīttus''
| ''nātlimīttziēs''
! 72,000
| ''nātlittzittuer''
| ''nātlittzittūtus''
| ''nātlittzittuin''
! 1,440,000
| ''nātlittzōtluar attuer''
| ''nātlittzōtluus attūtus''
| ''nātlittzōtlua attuin''
! 28,800,000
| ''nātlictzuōner''
| ''nātlictzuōnitus''
| ''nātlictzuō''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | English
! 4,000
! colspan="3" | Aeranir
| ''tamittuer''
| ''tamittūtus''
| ''tamittuin''
! 80,000
| ''tamōtluar attuer''
| ''tamōtluus attūtus''
| ''tamōtlua attuin''
! 1,600,000
| ''tamictzuōner''
| ''tamictzuōnitus''
| ''tamictzuō''
! 32,000,000
| ''tamōtluar octzuōner''
| ''tamōtluus octzuōnitus''
| ''tamōtlua octzuō''
|-
|-
! maternal house
! 8,000
! paternal house
| ''attuer''
! external
| ''attūtus''
|-
| ''attuin''
| older cousin/sibling
! 160,000
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|mēna}}''', mēnae''
| ''ōtlua attuer''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|colperō}}''', colperōnis''
| ''ōtlua attūtus''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|abter}}''', abtēris''
| ''ōtlua attuin''
|-
! 3,200,000
| cousin/sibling of similar age
| ''octzuōner''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|colīna}}''', colīnae''
| ''octzuōnitus''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|colper}}''', colperis''
| ''octzuō''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|menter}}''', mentēris''
! 64,000,000
|-
| ''ōtlua octzuōner''
| younger cousin/sibling
| ''ōtlua octzuōnitus''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|īma}}''', īmae''
| ''ōtlua octzuō''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|corpella}}''', corpellae''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|tēter}}''', tētēris''
|-
| aunt/uncle
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|aehēs}}''', aehī''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|oper}}''', operī''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|aiōs}}''', aiōris''
|-
| mother
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|uma}}''', umae''
| colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;" | ''—''
|-
| father
| colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|opa}}''', opae''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''—''
|-
| grandparent
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|apīhēs}}''', apīhī''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|apper}}''', apperī''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|apiōrīnus}}''', apiōrīnī''
|-
| child, offspring
| colspan="3;" style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|rael}}''', raelis''
|-
| niece/nephew
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|ūhōs}}''', ūhitis''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|uror}}''', urōris''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|rael}}''', raelis''
|-
| grandchild
| colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|perril}}''', perrīlis''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''{{term|rael}}''', raelis''
|}
|}
 
</div>
Often times the father would already be a member of the mother's house, but this was not always the case.  Other adult members of the child's maternal House were referred to as its aunts and uncles, regardless of their blood relation.  Likewise, all elders in a House are 'grandparents' and all children 'cousins/siblings.'
 
In the case that the father is not a member of the mother's House, but still remains a part of their child's life, then there are paternal equivalents to the terms above to describe members of the father's House.  It should be notes that in cases where the father is not a part of the mother's house, which were very common, the mother and child may often have no relationship with their father, or simply no know who he was.  Thus, many Aerans lacked 'fathers' in the social sense.  In addition to the maternal and paternal Houses, there are terms for relations outside of the House, e.g. an older person you know but is not a part of your house may also be called 'uncle,' or a younger person near in age to you (at school) for example may be called 'little sibling/cousin.'


==Late Aeranir inovations==
==Late Aeranir inovations==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/187213...231040"

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