2,969
edits
Attian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Core cases
| Line 1,208: | Line 1,208: | ||
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action. | The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action. | ||
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb | The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | ||
The patientive is marked inflectionally on the noun, but the since Attian possesses no patientative personal pronouns, but rather [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]], these are used to mark the object of a transitive verb | The patientive is marked inflectionally on the noun, but the since Attian possesses no patientative personal pronouns, but rather [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]], these are used to mark the object of a transitive verb, and subject of a low-control intransitive verb. In addition, the usage has been expanded, and the enclitic pronouns also serves as a [[w:possessive suffix|possessive suffix]], when agglutinated to nouns. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|'''gāna{{blue|nn}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| '''āmn{{red|va}} gauna{{blue|nn}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} emine''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| Line 1,230: | Line 1,230: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ | | colspan="4"|/ø'ŋ͡ma ˈɡønanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| Line 1,237: | Line 1,237: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gāna</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small> | |<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>āmn</small> | ||
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | |<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | ||
|<small>gauna</small> | |<small>gauna</small> | ||
| Line 1,289: | Line 1,289: | ||
Using just the patientive enclitic on mediopassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. With the mediopassive voice, the reflexive usage is normally implied when the subject is the patient | Using just the patientive enclitic on mediopassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. With the mediopassive voice, the reflexive usage is normally implied when the subject is the patient. In colloquial speech however, the distinction between passive and reflexive is most often blurred. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|'''thune{{blue|nn}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| '''g{{red|va}} thune''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yu}} eduni''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|vu}} eduni''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| Line 1,387: | Line 1,387: | ||
| colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''» | | colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''» | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Image: | [[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | ||
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb | The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb. | ||
Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so | Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook", '''zama'', can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk", ''thana'', somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking. | ||
The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal. | The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal. | ||
| Line 1,397: | Line 1,397: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| '''ehime{{blue|mn}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|'''āmn{{red|va}} ehime''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|'''ehim{{blue|amn}}!''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|'''āmn{{red|va}} ehim!''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"| / | | colspan="2"| /ɛhˈiŋɛŋ͡m/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/øˈŋ͡ma ɛhˈiŋɛ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/ɛhˈiŋaŋ͡m/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/øˈŋ͡ma ɛhˈiŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
| Line 1,432: | Line 1,432: | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>āmn</small> | ||
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | |<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | ||
|<small>ehime</small> | |<small>ehime</small> | ||
| Line 1,443: | Line 1,443: | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>āmn</small> | ||
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | |<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | ||
|<small>ehim</small> | |<small>ehim</small> | ||
| Line 1,484: | Line 1,484: | ||
|} | |} | ||
When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned | When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned, granted that the gnomic aspect is used. This implies the cooking of something, instead of directly mentioning it. If there is doubt whether an action is performed intentionally or involuntarily, the agentive is generally used. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} zamta''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} ezemi''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| '''ta ram{{red|va}} aramia''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"| / | | colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ ˈzaŋta/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| Line 1,508: | Line 1,508: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ta | | colspan="4"|/ta ˈɹaŋ͡ma arˈaŋi̩a/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||