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Attian: Difference between revisions
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→Instrumental
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====Instrumental==== | ====Instrumental==== | ||
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument | The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="8"| | | colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua kvenn{{blue|an}} gerita''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa | | colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡɹaŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡɛɹita/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
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|<small>grammu</small> | |<small>grammu</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>kvenn</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small> | |<small>{{blue|-an}}</small> | ||
|<small>gerita</small> | |<small>gerita</small> | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagav{{blue|un}} gagta''' | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡahun | | colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡahun ˈɡaɣta/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ˈdadajin | | colspan="4"|/ˈdadajin ɛdˈujtaŋ͡mi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used | On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. If desired, the agent can be reintroduced. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|'''gva urya amagv{{blue|an}} agavita''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}vān{{blue|un}} ebutann''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="5"|/ˈɡwa uɹˈja aˈŋaɡwan aˈɡawita/ | | colspan="5"|/ˈɡwa uɹˈja aˈŋaɡwan aˈɡawita/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/uwˈøna ɛbˈutanː/ | | colspan="3"|/uwˈøna ɛbˈutanː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Instead, the knife is marked with the instrumental case, and the agent must be introduced: "Someone slices the bread with a knife" | Instead, the knife is marked with the instrumental case, and the agent must be introduced: "Someone slices the bread with a knife", or implied "With a knife the bread is sliced". Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| '''''{{red|uvāney}}'' ebitann''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|u}}vān{{blue|un}} ebutann''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"| '''yatva {{blue|u}}vān{{blue|un}} ebitann''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="3"|/uˈwønɛj ɛbˈitanː/ | | colspan="3"|/uˈwønɛj ɛbˈitanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/uwˈøna ɛbˈutanː/ | | colspan="3"|/uwˈøna ɛbˈutanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈøna ɛbˈitanː/ | | colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈøna ɛbˈitanː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>⟨{{red|u}} | |<small>⟨{{red|u}}⟩vān⟨{{red|ey}}⟩</small> | ||
|<small>ebita</small> | |<small>ebita</small> | ||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
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! | ! | ||
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}} | |<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vān⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small> | ||
|<small>ebuta</small> | |<small>ebuta</small> | ||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
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|<small>yat</small> | |<small>yat</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}} | |<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vān⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small> | ||
|<small>ebita</small> | |<small>ebita</small> | ||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The Attian instrumental also bears comitative | The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking: | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|'''āmnayya g{{blue|an}}?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|'''gva āmn{{blue|an}} emigtayu''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|'''gvayya yarm{{blue|un}}um''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="5"|/ | | colspan="5"|/øˈŋ͡majːa ɡan/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|/ɡwa | | colspan="6"|/ɡwa øˈŋ͡man ɛŋˈiɣtaju/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|/ˈɡwajːa ˈjaɹŋunuŋ/ | | colspan="6"|/ˈɡwajːa ˈjaɹŋunuŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>āmn</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
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|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>āmn</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|an}}</small> | ||
|<small>emigta</small> | |<small>emigta</small> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause | The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns: | ||
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | *''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | ||
*''A mí me lavo'' - «As for myself, I wash myself» | *''A mí me lavo'' - «As for myself, I wash myself» | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|'''gva emuna min{{blue|an}}?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|'''memuneza g{{blue|an}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|an}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="5"|/ɡwa | | colspan="5"|/ɡwa ɛŋ͡mˈuna ˈŋinan/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ɡwa | | colspan="3"|/ɡwa ɛŋ͡mˈuna ˈŋinan/ | ||
! | ! | ||