Linguifex

Hakdor: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
 
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:
Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.
Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.


However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows. ̩
However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 82: Line 82:
!width=75| IPA
!width=75| IPA
! Comp
! Comp
!width=100| E.g.
!width=100| Rom.
! Meaning
|-
|-
! i
! i
Line 87: Line 90:
| i~ɪ
| i~ɪ
| Like ⟨i⟩ in ''mach'''i'''ne''.  
| Like ⟨i⟩ in ''mach'''i'''ne''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|i'''i'''r]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|y'''i'''r]]''
| ‘nine’
|-
|-
! e
! e
Line 92: Line 98:
| e~ɛ
| e~ɛ
| Like ⟨ay⟩ in ''d'''ay'''''.  
| Like ⟨ay⟩ in ''d'''ay'''''.  
| ''[[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|l'''e'''hil]]''
| ''[[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|l'''e'''khil]]''
| ‘birl’
|-
|-
! a
! a
Line 97: Line 106:
| a~ɑ
| a~ɑ
| Like ⟨a⟩ in ''f'''a'''ther''.  
| Like ⟨a⟩ in ''f'''a'''ther''.  
| ''[[Contionary: sasan#Hakdor|s'''a'''s'''a'''n]]''
| ''[[Contionary: sasan#Hakdor|s'''a'''z'''a'''ng]]''
| ‘you all’
|-
|-
! o
! o
Line 102: Line 114:
| o~ɔ
| o~ɔ
| Like ⟨o⟩ in ''r'''o'''pe''.  
| Like ⟨o⟩ in ''r'''o'''pe''.  
| ''[[Contionary: toroq#Hakdor|t'''o'''r'''o'''q]]''
| ''[[Contionary: toroq#Hakdor|t'''o'''r'''o'''ch]]''
| ‘where’
|-
|-
! u
! u
Line 107: Line 122:
| u~ʊ
| u~ʊ
| Like ⟨oo⟩ in ''f'''oo'''d''.  
| Like ⟨oo⟩ in ''f'''oo'''d''.  
| ''[[Contionary: nucut#Hakdor|n'''u'''c'''u'''t]]''
| ''[[Contionary: nucut#Hakdor|m'''u'''zh'''u'''t]]''
| ‘sibling’
|-
|-
! p
! p
Line 112: Line 130:
| p
| p
| Like ⟨p⟩ in '''''p'''ool''.  
| Like ⟨p⟩ in '''''p'''ool''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pai#Hakdor|'''p'''ai]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pai#Hakdor|'''p'''ay]]''
| ‘seven’
|-
|-
! p
! p
Line 117: Line 138:
| b
| b
| When between two vowels, ⟨p⟩ is like ⟨b⟩ in ''a'''b'''le''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨p⟩ is like ⟨b⟩ in ''a'''b'''le''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pepan#Hakdor|pe'''p'''an]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pepan#Hakdor|pe'''b'''ang]]''
| ‘child’
|-
|-
! t
! t
Line 122: Line 146:
| t
| t
| Like ⟨t⟩ in '''''t'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨t⟩ in '''''t'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: takot#Hakdor|'''t'''ako'''t''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: takot#Hakdor|'''t'''ago'''t''']]''
| ‘place’
|-
|-
! t
! t
Line 127: Line 154:
| d
| d
| When between two vowels, ⟨t⟩ is like ⟨d⟩ in ''ra'''d'''ar''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨t⟩ is like ⟨d⟩ in ''ra'''d'''ar''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|ia'''t'''up]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|ya'''d'''up]]''
| ‘xxxxxx’
|-
|-
! q
! q
Line 132: Line 162:
| ʧ~ʨ
| ʧ~ʨ
| Like ⟨ch⟩ in '''''ch'''eese''.  
| Like ⟨ch⟩ in '''''ch'''eese''.  
| ''[[Contionary: qik#Hakdor|'''q'''ik]]''
| ''[[Contionary: qik#Hakdor|'''ch'''ik]]''
| ‘young’
|-
|-
! q
! q
Line 137: Line 170:
| ʤ~ʥ
| ʤ~ʥ
| When between two vowels, ⟨q⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ra'''g'''es''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨q⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ra'''g'''es''.  
| ''[[Contionary: naqah#Hakdor|na'''q'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: naqah#Hakdor|ma'''dj'''akh]]''
| ‘neck’
|-
|-
! k
! k
Line 142: Line 178:
| k
| k
| Like ⟨k⟩ in '''''k'''eep''.  
| Like ⟨k⟩ in '''''k'''eep''.  
| ''[[Contionary: koruk#Hakdor|'''k'''oru'''k''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: koruk#Hakdor|'''k'''oru'''k''']]''
| ‘animal’
|-
|-
! k
! k
Line 147: Line 186:
| ɡ
| ɡ
| When between two vowels, ⟨k⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ea'''g'''le''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨k⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ea'''g'''le''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pikic#Hakdor|pi'''k'''ic]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pikic#Hakdor|pi'''g'''ish]]''
| ‘tooth’
|-
|-
! f
! f
Line 152: Line 194:
| f~ф
| f~ф
| Like ⟨f⟩ in '''''f'''ine''.  
| Like ⟨f⟩ in '''''f'''ine''.  
| ''[[Contionary: foc#Hakdor|'''f'''oc]]''
| ''[[Contionary: foc#Hakdor|'''f'''osh]]''
| ‘red’
|-
|-
! f
! f
Line 157: Line 202:
| β
| β
| When between two vowels, ⟨f⟩ is like ⟨v⟩ in ''e'''v'''ery''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨f⟩ is like ⟨v⟩ in ''e'''v'''ery''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cafin#Hakdor|ca'''f'''in]]''
| ''[[Contionary: cafin#Hakdor|sha'''v'''ing]]''
| ‘front’
|-
|-
! s
! s
Line 162: Line 210:
| s
| s
| Like ⟨s⟩ in '''''s'''eek''.  
| Like ⟨s⟩ in '''''s'''eek''.  
| ''[[Contionary: siiek#Hakdor|'''s'''iiek]]''
| ''[[Contionary: siiek#Hakdor|'''s'''iyek]]''
| ‘ear’
|-
|-
! s
! s
Line 167: Line 218:
| z
| z
| When between two vowels, ⟨s⟩ is like ⟨z⟩ in ''ha'''z'''ard''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨s⟩ is like ⟨z⟩ in ''ha'''z'''ard''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cosah#Hakdor|co'''s'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: cosah#Hakdor|sho'''z'''akh]]''
| ‘for no reason’
|-
|-
! c
! c
Line 172: Line 226:
| ʃ~ɕ
| ʃ~ɕ
| Like ⟨sh⟩ in '''''sh'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨sh⟩ in '''''sh'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cosuc#Hakdor|'''c'''osu'''c''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: cosuc#Hakdor|'''sh'''ozu'''sh''']]''
| ‘because’
|-
|-
! c
! c
Line 177: Line 234:
| ʒ~ʑ
| ʒ~ʑ
| When between two vowels, ⟨c⟩ is like ⟨s⟩ in ''u'''s'''ual''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨c⟩ is like ⟨s⟩ in ''u'''s'''ual''.  
| ''[[Contionary: kacip#Hakdor|ka'''c'''ip]]''
| ''[[Contionary: kacip#Hakdor|ka'''zh'''ip]]''
| ‘stick’
|-
|-
! h
! h
Line 182: Line 242:
| h
| h
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨h⟩ in '''''h'''and''.  
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨h⟩ in '''''h'''and''.  
| ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|'''h'''eu]]''
| ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|'''h'''ew]]''
| ‘ten’
|-
|-
! h
! h
Line 187: Line 250:
| x
| x
| When between two vowels or word-finally, ⟨h⟩ is like ⟨j⟩ in Spanish ''ro'''j'''o''.  
| When between two vowels or word-finally, ⟨h⟩ is like ⟨j⟩ in Spanish ''ro'''j'''o''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cah#Hakdor|ca'''h''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: cah#Hakdor|sha'''kh''']]''
| ‘not’
|-
|-
! n
! n
Line 192: Line 258:
| m
| m
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨m⟩ in '''''m'''oon''.  
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨m⟩ in '''''m'''oon''.  
| ''[[Contionary: nalur#Hakdor|'''n'''alur]]''
| ''[[Contionary: nalur#Hakdor|'''m'''alur]]''
| ‘mother’
|-
|-
! n
! n
Line 197: Line 266:
| n
| n
| In the middle of a word, like ⟨n⟩ in ''a'''n'''y''.  
| In the middle of a word, like ⟨n⟩ in ''a'''n'''y''.  
| ''[[Contionary: kanah#Hakdor|ka'''n'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: kanah#Hakdor|ka'''n'''akh]]''
| ‘never’
|-
|-
! n
! n
Line 202: Line 274:
| ŋ
| ŋ
| At the end of a word, ⟨n⟩ is like ⟨ng⟩ in English ''si'''ng'''i'''ng'''''.  
| At the end of a word, ⟨n⟩ is like ⟨ng⟩ in English ''si'''ng'''i'''ng'''''.  
| ''[[Contionary: rinen#Hakdor|rine'''n''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: rinen#Hakdor|rine'''ng''']]''
| ‘knee’
|-
|-
! u
! u
Line 207: Line 282:
| w
| w
| Like ⟨w⟩ in ''a'''w'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨w⟩ in ''a'''w'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: ueq#Hakdor|'''u'''eq]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ueq#Hakdor|'''w'''ech]]''
| ‘and not’
|-
|-
! r
! r
Line 212: Line 290:
| r~ɾ
| r~ɾ
| Like ⟨rr⟩ in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''.  
| Like ⟨rr⟩ in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''.  
| ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|'''r'''ek'''r'''a]]''
| ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|'''r'''eg'''r'''a]]''
| ‘to make’
|-
|-
! i
! i
Line 217: Line 298:
| j
| j
| Like ⟨y⟩ in '''''y'''ell''.  
| Like ⟨y⟩ in '''''y'''ell''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|'''i'''itra]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|'''y'''idra]]''
| ‘to throw’
|-
|-
! l
! l
Line 222: Line 306:
| l
| l
| Like ⟨l⟩ in '''''l'''ike''.
| Like ⟨l⟩ in '''''l'''ike''.
| ''[[Contionary: lehilol#Hakdor|'''l'''ehi'''l'''o'''l''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: lehilol#Hakdor|'''l'''ekhi'''l'''o'''l''']]''
| ‘flock’
|}
|}


Line 561: Line 648:
! (Some) Extended Meanings
! (Some) Extended Meanings
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: ketra#Hakdor|ketra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: keta#Hakdor|keta]]''
| ‘to give’
| ‘to give’
| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor|tokra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: toka#Hakdor|toka]]''
| ‘to take’
| ‘to take’
| to eat, to consume, to steal
| to eat, to consume, to steal
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|iitra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor|iita]]''
| ‘to throw’
| ‘to throw’
| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat#Hakdor|iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor|kepra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kepa#Hakdor|kepa]]''
| ‘to catch’
| ‘to catch’
| to capture, to seize
| to capture, to seize
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor|pasra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: pasa#Hakdor|pasa]]''
| ‘to fall’
| ‘to fall’
| to do something accidentally, to sleep
| to do something accidentally, to sleep
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: sopra#Hakdor|sopra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: sopa#Hakdor|sopa]]''
| ‘to rise’
| ‘to rise’
| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|uekra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: ueka#Hakdor|ueka]]''
| ‘to sit’
| ‘to sit’
| to be located,  
| to be located,  
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: kupra#Hakdor|kupra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kupa#Hakdor|kupa]]''
| ‘to stand’
| ‘to stand’
| to be upright, to be in a state of
| to be upright, to be in a state of
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: hapra#Hakdor|hapra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: hapa#Hakdor|hapa]]''
| ‘to have’
| ‘to have’
| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|rekra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: reka#Hakdor|reka]]''
| ‘to do’
| ‘to do’
| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: pikra#Hakdor|pikra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: pika#Hakdor|pika]]''
| ‘to pick up’
| ‘to pick up’
| to grasp, ~take
| to grasp, ~take
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor|topra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: topa#Hakdor|topa]]''
| ‘to put down’
| ‘to put down’
| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat#Hakdor|topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topa luuat#Hakdor|topa luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor|katra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kata#Hakdor|kata]]''
| ‘to keep’
| ‘to keep’
| to protect, to hide
| to protect, to hide
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sitra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: sita#Hakdor|sita]]''
| ‘to be’
| ‘to be’
| to exist, copula
| to exist, copula
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor|qetra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: qeta#Hakdor|qeta]]''
| ‘to go’
| ‘to go’
| to move, to travel, to start
| to move, to travel, to start
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor|tikra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: tika#Hakdor|tika]]''
| ‘to hit’
| ‘to hit’
| to make contact with, to touch
| to make contact with, to touch
|}
|}


Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).  
Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as ''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]'' ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor|iita]]'' as their verb, though “cast an ear” (''[[Contionary: iita siiek#Hakdor|iita siiek]]'', ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]'', ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (''[[Contionary: iita safiu#Hakdor|iita safiu]]'', ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (''[[Contionary: iita ruhac#Hakdor|iita ruhac]]'', ‘taste’).  


====Particles====
====Particles====
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Hakdor"