Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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'''Xaetjeonw''' (Xaetjeonw: ''raeychnae Xaetjeonw'') is a Kammalic language based on Praimhín's Rencadian (now abandoned).
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]
 
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xub''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more
 
==Family tree==
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
**Hlouic
***[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
***[[Gloob]] (''shog Gloob'')
**Shumic
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
 
===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
 
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum and most early Hlou-Shum languages were written with a system of logographs. Nowadays, there are four main writing systems:
* ''Schräd Schlaub'', used to write Hlou, Gloob, and Clooa
* ?????


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C).
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
===Initials===
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*f θ s x h
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.


===Consonants===
===Nuclei===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
 
===Coda===
Allowed finals:
*-p -t -k
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s
 
===Tones===
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k
 
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
 
==Grammar==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
===Reduplication===
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
 
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
 
===Derivation===
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial
 
==Reflexes==
=== Hlou ===
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
 
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants
 
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl
 
-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
! B (5/27)
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
| ''-n'' (12%)
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate
! C (5/27)
!<small>tenuis</small>
| ''-s'' (12%)
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || dx /tɬ/ || dj /tʃ/|| || '''g''' /k/||
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
! D (4/27)
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || tq /tɬʰ/ || tj /tʃʰ/ ||  || c /kʰ/ ||
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
! E (3/27)
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| s /s/ || q /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| z /z/|| x /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
|  || || || '''l''' /ɫ/|| || '''y''' /j/|| '''w''' /w/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Trill
|  || || '''r''' /r/ || || || || ||
|}
|}


;Notes
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].


===Vowels===
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
===Shum===
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
s- triggers tone split
|-
 
!  style="width: 60px; "|
b p > bh p
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
 
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
sb sp > b p
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
 
|-
np nb > b mh
! style="" |Close
 
| '''i, y''' /i/
spr pr > ph p
| '''eu''' /ɨ/
 
| '''u''' /u/
sbr br > bh bh
|-
 
! style="" |Mid
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
| '''e''' /e/
 
| '''eo''' /ə/
l > l, D.l > ll
| '''o''' /o/
 
|-
f > h
! style="" |Open
 
|
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
| '''a''' /a/
 
|
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
|}


x > tl


===Lenition===
z > ś, s > s


{| class="wikitable"
k' > ś, g' > jh
|-
| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}


{| class="wikitable"
*kw > p
|-
*gw > v > vh in shum
| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
*w > w > v in shum
|-
| '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans (e.g. from [[Vrushka]]) stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.


====Intonation====
==Sample==
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''


===Phonotactics===
The Sheep and the Horses
===Morphophonology===
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 09:38, 17 December 2024

Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum (Hlou: Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xub; Ko: lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo) is a name for a language family that includes Hlou. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, Proto-Hlou-Shum (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. TODO: actually look at OC more

Family tree

  • Proto-Hlou-Shum
    • Hlouic
    • Shumic
      • Shum (lhàu śúṃ)
    • Ko (lees ndoigh Komh)
    • Tlu (χμῶ Τλὣ)
    • Liai (hmỳ Liaĩ)
    • Clooa (Mois de la Crouet)

Timeline

Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP

Writing system

Proto-Hlou-Shum and most early Hlou-Shum languages were written with a system of logographs. Nowadays, there are four main writing systems:

  • Schräd Schlaub, used to write Hlou, Gloob, and Clooa
  • ?????

Phonology

Phonotactics

A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure

(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C).

Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.

Initials

  • p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
  • bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
  • b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
  • f θ s x h
  • F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
  • m n ń ŋ y r l w
  • M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts

θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants

Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.

Nuclei

a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə

Coda

Allowed finals:

  • -p -t -k
  • -mp -nt -nk
  • -m -n -l -w -y
  • -ʔ -s
  • nasal + s or ʔ
  • plosive + s

Tones

PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:

  • A: -0, -N, -l
  • B: -ʔ
  • C: -s
  • D: -t
  • E: -p, -k

The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.

Grammar

Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.

Reduplication

Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.

Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.

Derivation

Sometimes two prefixes could be used.

  • s-: nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
    • louʔ 'spring (season)' > slouʔ 'springlike, where there is spring'
  • -ʔ: nominalization
    • lou 'to plant' > louʔ 'spring (season)'
  • m- preinitial
  • r- preinitial
    • lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
  • θ- preinitial
    • changes some consonants in Shum
    • maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial

Reflexes

Hlou

Initials

Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)

  • ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
  • pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
  • npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
  • bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
  • nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
  • fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
  • tzl tsl > tz ts
  • ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
  • dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
  • ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
  • ml nl > ml nl
  • pr, br > pf, v
  • kr, gr > sch
  • tr, dr > tr, dr
  • sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
  • sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
  • stz sts stx > tz ts tx

The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants

The r-preinitial (some koineization)

  • r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
  • r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
  • r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
  • r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
  • r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
  • r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
  • r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
  • r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
  • r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl

-k > glottal stop final

Tones

Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?

Tone class Voiceless initial (5/8) Voiced initial (3/8)
A (10/27) -b (23%) -0 (14%)
B (5/27) -n (12%) -s (6.9%)
C (5/27) -s (12%) -g (6.9%)
D (4/27) -ß (9.3%) -d (5.6%)
E (3/27) -hn (6.9%) -h (4.2%)

Among non-E syllables the distribution is:

b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)

Shum

s- triggers tone split

b p > bh p

sb sp > b p

np nb > b mh

spr pr > ph p

sbr br > bh bh

nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh

l > l, D.l > ll

f > h

Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh

f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh

x > tl

z > ś, s > s

k' > ś, g' > jh

  • kw > p
  • gw > v > vh in shum
  • w > w > v in shum

Sample

ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp

The Sheep and the Horses

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