Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions
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#triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC (and CCCV?). Example: ptsun ~ putsn 'live' | #triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC (and CCCV?). Example: ptsun ~ putsn 'live' | ||
Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. | Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Infixes can have 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<C>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== |
Revision as of 05:23, 16 September 2019
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
Lakovic | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
Subdivisions |
|
The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Todo
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar
some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
an ergative Lakovic language
a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system
A tricons Lakovic lang
- the VN infix ⟨i⟩~⟨y⟩
- umlaut with various suffixes that disappear
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic
- Ashanic
- Tseezhic
- Häskä
- Pfiunic
- Tumhanic
- Eta-Lakovic
- vaguely Indonesian/AN languages
- Txapoallian Lakovic
- Ejective-y, tonal language
- Tsrovesh
- Zoomic
Proto-Lakovic phonology
vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||||
Affricate | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ʂ/ | č /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
Fricative | s /s/ | ś /ʂ/ | š /ʃ/ | x /x/ | H | |||
Resonant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
i u e o ä a
Syllabic ṃ ṇ ŋ ḷ ṛ
There is some disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.
Phonotactics
Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots
Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. Schwebeablaut was used, so the vowel could change places. The roots could be of the form
- biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
- triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC (and CCCV?). Example: ptsun ~ putsn 'live'
Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Infixes can have 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<C>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.
Nouns
Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g.
- lakof 'person' > *laklakof 'people'
- ptek 'body' > pteptek 'bodies' (Simplification of clusters in the reduplicant: *teptek occurs in some dialects.)
There was a feminine suffix -is.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.
Pronouns
All branches of Lakovic have evidence for the following pronouns:
- *riH = I
- *baŋ = we (dual inclusive)
- *śen = thou (m)
- *śens = thou (f)
- *ʔin = he
- *ʔins = she
Plural pronouns cannot be reconstructed in PLak.
Verbs and adjectives
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
There was a feminine prefix, wa-.
- ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
- PLak: ⟨iHt⟩ = locative trigger
Derivational morphology
- ⟨-s⟩: feminine
- Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
- ⟨ṛ⟩ prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
- Ashanic *⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩, ⟨năr/măr⟩
- ⟨ay⟩ = nominalization
- b- = agentive
- Wdm. pă- (not productive)
- Tseer ba-
- ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- t- = denominal verbs, causative
- Wdm. th- (not productive)
- lä- = verbalizer
- ʔu- = intensive
- Wdm. th-u-
- ya- = adjectivizer; from ya 'with'
- Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
- ⟨ʔ⟩ = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
- not productive in Wdm
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- *petk ~ *ptek 'live'
- *ptek-s
- Wdm fteach 'body'
- *ptek-s
- *ləkof = human, person
- *ṛ-: nonvolitional
- Wdm -ră-, -năr-
- *ätk~*täk~*tkä 'to go'
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < *ṛ-tkä
- Windermere răchta 'to die'
- Tseer adhka 'to go'
- Tsjoen tjo
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < *ṛ-tkä
- PAsh *ksìʔ > Wdm. csie 'star'
- PAsh *śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
- PAsh *ʔmä 'mother'
- Wdm. ăma
- PAsh *ʔeb 'father'
- Wdm. ep
- PLak *ḷban 'water'
- PAsh àlbon
- Wdm. blon
- Tseer olban, Modern nban
- Häskä əlfon
- PAsh àlbon
- PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
- Tsrovesh dvmazh
- PAsh dàrmày
- Wdm. trămäy
- PAsh mdäŋ 'to struggle, to fight'
- Wdm.mătäng 'war'
- PLak žän 'to say'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- Schong jahn
- Æ jov?
- Wdm. șän
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- PLak lgän 'straight, upright'
- PAsh àlgan
- Wdm. glan 'straight'
- Tseer ookhan
- PAsh àlgan
- *ʔpor 'high'
- Wdm. ăfur 'noble'
- Tseer ofor 'high'
Numbers
aHdan, aHrät, atsiw, amsHäk, amsHut
some reflexes of 1, 2 based on *Hadna and *Härta