Anbirese

Anbirese/Wordlist
Anbirese/Swadesh list
Anbirese/Names

Anbirese
Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quame Talmic Tigolic Anbirese

Anbirese (n gaz Anbirjeong /ən gǎz ànbirjəm/ [ànbírjəm]) is a major Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives Skellan and Ciètian, it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of Tricin (Anbirese: n Smau /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. Anbirese is the official language of the Talman nation Anbir and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, Anbirese is a descendant of Thensarian. Like with German, there is a Standard Anbirese and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Anbirese rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Anbirese still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.

External history

Anbirese began as "Tsjoen", a Swedish and Sino Korean hybrid. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.

Todo

• ot, od > vat, vad
• Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
• scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
• obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
• Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ʔinna and ʔanna (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
• Swadesh list
• Tigol > Anbirese sound changes

plus, Anbirese has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern Anbirese
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern Anbirese
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern Anbirese was completely replaced with 'scid'
ca-ephyth = of that
ca-leth = that (acc.)
ca-dzeth = in that; there
ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
in that house = ca-dzen souar
or "dze cin souar"
both are valid
the first being more archaic

a verbalizer like -ować

• Verb prefixes:
  • ar-: on, at > ar-
  • (deut.) as-: telic > ys-
  • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at > dze-, do-
  • é-: with, co- > e-
  • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly > fin-
  • for-: causative, through > for-
  • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back > fl-
  • imm-: immediately > im-, m-, n-, ŋ-
  • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out > gol-
  • ro-: down > ro-
  • sol-: a causative > sol-
  • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards > su-
  • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back > sor-
  • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from > oc-

Vowel reflexes:

• a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u
• ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
• á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
• ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
• eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
• ae ao aoi > e eu eui
• ia ua uai > ja veo vae

Phonology

Consonants

• /k g x ŋ/
• /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
• /t d ħ z n/
• /p b f v m/
• /s ɧ h/
• /r ɹ j ɴ̆~w/

Notation

Radical consonants

• k χ ng /k x ŋ/
• kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
• t þ n /t ħ n/
• tj þj nj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
• c cj /ts tɕ/
• p f m /f m/
• s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
• r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

sj = sje, etc.

Lenited consonants

• g ȝ /g Ø/
• gj ȝj /d͡ʑ j/
• d z /d z/
• dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
• b v /b v/
• bj vj /bj vj/

Eclipsed consonants

• ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
• nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
• n nh /n nʰ/
• m mh /m mʰ/

Vowels

i eu u e eo a o ae oe /i ɨ ü e ə~ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/

Stress

Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

Pitch accent

Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.

Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:

1. Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
2. High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent

For example:

• skaen /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; n skaen /ən skěn/ = 'the friend'
• skáen /skén/ (high tone) = 'friends (pl)'; n skáen /ən skén/ = 'the friends'
• ael (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
• áel (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'

A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.

Intonation

• General fall: declarative clauses
• General rise: dependent clauses
• Interrogative: interrogative clauses

Dialectology

Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.

Anbir

Anbir has more dialectal diversity.

Musun

Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.

Orthography

Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

Vocabulary

Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of Swuntsim loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more Tseezh and Windermere loans.

Morphology

Mutations

Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

Nouns

Definite article

Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is

• eo before nasals and resonants: eo mar [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
• n before other consonants and before vowels: n χeozir [ə̀n xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; n abeot [nàbə̂t] 'the book'

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

Definite article

	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
	eclipsis	lenition	no mut.	no mut.	no mut.	eclipsis
Example	eo mran 'the corner'	n gaz 'the language'	n χeozir 'the flower'	n prán 'the corners'	n káz 'the languages'	eo nghéozir 'the flowers'

Plural nouns

A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

• mar /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
• már /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:

• íms /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
• imseot /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ímseot)

Musunese Anbirese always uses -eot for the plural.

Adjectives

Adjectives do not inflect at all.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree words

Verbs

Verbs are conservative and similar to Ciètian, with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in Skellan.

Finite verb inflection

Anbirese has 3 tenses:

• Present tense: -ig, negative i + BARE VERB
• Future tense: aeb + BARE VERB
• Past tense: usually -in, with split ergativity

There is no aspect distinction.

"Non-finite" forms

• The -eod infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
• The -a infinitive is used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct):
  • with djeo 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
  • with eor 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
  • with nae 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
  • with gil 'from', indicates stopping or being prevented "from VERBing"
  • with ast 'without', indicates "without VERBing"

Split-ergativity

Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Xabin u na.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG

'I have eaten.'

Xabin u na n sáeng.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread

'I have eaten the bread.'

A tjéobrjeong u na n kéolsjang χa.

but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there

'But I left the kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo már.

die.PRET DEF tree/PL

'The trees died.'

Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.

return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last

'Our dogs finally returned.'

Copula

Anbirese is zero copula in the present tense; ngu, si, jeo and thar can be used as present tense copulas.

The past tense copula is latheon and the infinitive is fath.

Pronouns

na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun fjeor 'thou'.

Prepositions

• ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern Anbirese)
  • ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eoz, lj-eom, ljeof, ljeok, ljur
• djeo = in, at (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
  • djeo-na, (deo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-eom, djeof, djeok, djur
• ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
  • aena, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebeom, aebeof, aebeok, aebur

Derivational morphology

Native

• -a = verbalizer
• ba- = sub-

Foreign

• ing- = verbalizer (Wdm.)
• bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

Syntax

More: Anbirese/Syntax

Anbirese is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs.

Negation

The negation particle is ta (preposed) for imperatives and þri (preposed; from Tigol *ter ia- 'not once') otherwise.

Questions

Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle sjeom (< Tigol is question particle + imb complementizer) before the sentence.

Wishes/Jussive

Wishes can be formed by using þumi (< Tigol tuaḃ mít 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.

Word order

Anbirese word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.

Accusative with infinitive

The accusative particle ljeo can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle e 'to'.

Na togn ljeo mród aeb slam aeb Inþár.

1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.

I think Intar likes apples.

Preposition + verb clauses

A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.

An example with djeo 'at':

djeo h-argjeorn na ar eo lóegu'm

at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG 1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M 3SG.M

when I was keeping watch on his things