Lakovic languages
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
Lakovic | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
Subdivisions |
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The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Some people put Lakovic and Dodello-Shalic into a macrofamily.
Roots from Netagin (to be used in PLak)
- s-r-ć: to heed, to obey
- y-r-z: to hear
- ŋ-c: be in front
- n-s-d: learn
- m-r: go
- w-x-s: love
- b-n-s: hide
- l-z-f: poke
- z-ħ-m: praise, honor
- ŋ-þ-w: new
- x-3-f: reason
- h-ŋ-c: empty, null
- ħ-d-x: warm
- c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
- g-m-z: letter, element
- ŋ-b-ś: compassion, sympathy
- f-ś-r: agree, blend
- n-b-ś: courage
- þ-f-x: know
- y-r-f: roll
- f-c-m: read
- l-x-r: write
- z-r-b: true, firm
- ś-d-l: half, split
- f-s-t: step, stage
- ʔ-b-l: mind
- w-t-f: die
- þ-ŋ-b: measure
- z-m-z-m: hesitate
- s-w-ħ: king, rule
- ħ-c-g: value
- ʔ-t-r: punish
- g-b-n: say
- k-l-k-l: tile
- b-s-ŋ: clan, family
- b-c-3: force, coerce
- r-ʔ-b: criticize
- f-s-k: beast
- k-l-d: agree
- z-l-n: comfort, solace
- ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
- y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
- s-f-l: dear
- w-d-r: equal, same
- ħ-g-r: different
- m-g-þ: assign
- k-b-ć: shield, fortress
- k-z-r: hand over
- c-b-s: show, exhibit
- ħ-r-x: open
- þ-k-s: good, great
- ħ-n-b: use
- s-n-l: help
- f-þ-ʔ: proud
- s-f-n: bold
- x-r-r: young
- x-l-n: eternity
- l-n: come
- l-r-y: wait
- n-m-y: fall
- k-z-n: stop, settle
- b-r-c: speak
- ś-n-ħ: near
- ħ-t-r: swim
- ś-r-g: develop, evolve
- r-x-m: dwell
- ć-h-k: cold
- d-ħ-s: strong
- t-k: to sit on
- s-b-d: form, become
- ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
- d-ŋ-n: lowly, debased, humiliate
- ŋ-þ-ħ: stretch, deform
- r-ŋ-b: precious
- b-ħ-d: round
- z-n: grasp
- f-n-3: shine, radiate
- n-k-d: soft
- z-n-k: bite
Todo
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar
some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
an ergative Lakovic language
a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic
Proto-Lakovic phonology
vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||||
Affricate | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ʂ/ | ||||||
Fricative | s /s/ | ś /ʂ/ | š /ʃ/ | x /x/ | H | |||
Resonant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ |
Vowels
i u e o ə a
There is some disagreement about the vowel ə - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.
Phonotactics
Dominated by CV or CVC syllables. Some prefixes and infixes resulted in CC-'s.
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. Schwebeablaut was used, so the vowel could change places. The roots could be of the form
- biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
- triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live'
Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Infixes can have 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<C>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.
Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:
- Verbal grade: CCVC
- Nominal grade: CVCC
- Long grade: CVCVC
The CVCC grade had some reflexes with either the first C assimilating into V or the second C (explain some words like muad, yar or -b, -d finals)
Nouns
Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication:
- lakof 'person' > lakof-lakof 'people'
- ptek 'flesh' > ptek-ptek 'a large quantity of flesh'
There was a feminine suffix -is/-s.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am, from npäm 'group; fellow' (the -am in Modern Windermere plural pronouns łănam, ănam).
Case markers
- t = direct case
- o = indirect case
Pronouns
Most branches of Lakovic show evidence for the following PLak pronouns:
- *riH = I
- *bäŋ = we (dual inclusive)
- *śen = thou (m)
- *śens = thou (f)
- *ʔin = he
- *ʔins = she
PLak had no plural pronouns; it made do with associative plurals or demonstratives instead.
Verbs and adjectives
Proto-Lakovic was a verb-heavy language: verbs contained enough information that a sentence could consist of just a verb, and context made sense of the meaning.
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
- wa- = feminine
Triggers
Triggers (giving the noun in the direct case specific semantic roles) were marked by adding infixes to the verbal grade of the root. The original trigger system became a derivational system in daughter languages, much like binyanim (originally marking voice) in Semitic languages.
- ⟨əp⟩ = patient trigger
- ⟨əl⟩ = reciprocal
- ⟨əŋ⟩ = destination trigger
- ⟨it⟩ = locative trigger
- ⟨əm/nəm⟩ = ablative/causative trigger
- ⟨əw⟩ = instrument trigger
Derivational morphology
- ⟨-s⟩: feminine
- Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
- ⟨ṛ⟩ prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
- Ashanic *⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩, ⟨năr/măr⟩
- ⟨ay⟩ = deverbal noun
- ⟨an⟩ = deverbal noun
- ⟨aH⟩ = agentive
- b- = agentive
- Wdm. pă- (not productive)
- Tseer ba-
- ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- t- = causative
- Wdm. th- (not productive)
- lä- = denominals
- ʔu- = intensive
- Wdm. th-u-
- ya- = adjectivizer; from ya 'with'
- Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
- ⟨ʔ⟩ = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
- not productive in Wdm
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- *ʔpor~*ʔopr 'high'
- Wdm. ăfur 'noble'
- Tseer ofør 'high'
- *mont ~ *mnot 'to produce, to grow, to give birth'
- *mont-is
- Wdm muad
- *mont-is
- *petk ~ *ptek 'to inhabit, to occupy, to be at'
- *p⟨aH⟩tek
- Wdm fteach 'body'
- *p⟨aH⟩tek
- PLak dmäy 'to drop, to grant'
- PAsh dàrmày 'rain'
- Wdm. trămäy
- PAsh dàrmày 'rain'
- *putsn ~ *ptsun 'to live'
- *ləkof = human, person
- PAsh mdäŋ 'to struggle, to fight'
- Wdm. mătäng 'war'
- *ṛ-: nonvolitional
- Wdm -ră-, -năr-
- *täk~*tkä' 'to go'
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < *ṛ-tkä
- Windermere răchta 'to die'
- Tseer adhka 'to go'
- Tsjoen tjo
- Proto-Ashanic àrtka < *ṛ-tkä
- PAsh *ksìʔ > Wdm. csie 'star'
- PAsh *śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
- PAsh *ʔmä 'mother'
- Wdm. ăma
- PAsh *ʔeb 'father'
- Wdm. ep
- PLak *ḷban 'water'
- PAsh àlbon
- Wdm. blon
- Tseer olban, Modern nban
- Häskä əlfon
- PAsh àlbon
- PLak žän 'to say'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- Schong jahn
- Æ jov?
- Wdm. șän
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- PLak lgän~lägn 'straight, upright'
- PAsh àlgan
- Wdm. glan 'straight'
- Tseer ookhan
- PAsh àlgan
Numbers
aHdan, aHrät, atsiw, amsHäk, amsHut
some reflexes of 1, 2 based on *Hadna and *Härta