Naeng/Classical
| Old Windermere | |
|---|---|
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Old Windermere is the oldest attested form of Windermere, contemporaneous with Thensarian and Tigol.
Phonology
Vowels
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.
Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: most notably, it had ă /ə/ and i /ɪ~ɨ/ as reduced vowels which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.
Morphology
Sandhi
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.
- fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
- th + fric -> fric + t
- ths -> st, as in sehf 'go' -> *thsehf -> stehf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
- thf -> ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' -> *tithfi -> tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
- thch -> cht, e.g. Proto-Lakovic *ṛ- nonvolitional + *tka 'to go' > Proto-Windermere àrθχa > răchta 'to die'
- thł, thș
- ch + fric
- s + f, th, ch > sp, st, sc
- rC, lC > Cr, Cl
- ps pn png > sp fn fng
- tp thp tsp kp chp > tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
- tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.
Nouns
Old Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.
Examples: cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'
sroc 'brick' > săchroc 'bricks'
croth 'person' > pănges 'people'
Verbs
Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.
Pronouns
Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.
- 1sg: rih
- 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
- 3sg: in (m), is (f)
- 1pl exclusive: tsa
- 1pl inclusive: ăbang
- 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
- 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)
Derivation
(Anything else?)
- *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
- pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
- da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
- tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
- ha- (passive)
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.