Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 152: Line 152:
==Proto-Lakovic morphology==
==Proto-Lakovic morphology==
===Root structure===
===Root structure===
Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.
Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. They displayed schwebeablaut:
*biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and VCC.
*triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===

Revision as of 12:55, 12 August 2019

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic languages/Sketchbook

Lakovic
Created by
Geographic
distribution
Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Lakovic
Subdivisions
  • Ashanic
  • Western Bjeheondian
  • Tumhanian
  • Etalocian
  • Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar

some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic

an ergative Lakovic language

a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system

A tricons Lakovic lang

  • the VN infix i~y
  • umlaut with various suffixes that disappear

Phylogeny

Proto-Lakovic

Proto-Lakovic phonology

vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian

Consonants

Labial Dental Domed Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/
voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ ʔ /ʔ/
Affricate c /t͡s/ ć /t͡ʂ/ č /t͡ʃ/
Fricative s /s/ ś /ʂ/ š /ʃ/ x /x/ H
Resonant w /w/ l /l/ r /r/ y /j/

Vowels

i u e o ä a

Syllabic ṃ ṇ ŋ ḷ ṛ

There is some disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.

Phonotactics

Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots

Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. They displayed schwebeablaut:

  • biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and VCC.
  • triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g.

  • lakof 'person' > *laklakof 'people'
  • ptek 'body' > pteptek 'bodies' (Simplification of clusters in the reduplicant: *teptek occurs in some dialects.)

There was a feminine clitic =is.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.

Pronouns

All branches of Lakovic have evidence for the following pronouns:

  • *riH = I
  • *baŋ = we (dual inclusive)
  • *śen = thou (m)
  • *śens = thou (f)
  • *ʔin = he
  • *ʔins = she

Plural pronouns cannot be reconstructed in PLak.

Verbs and adjectives

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.

There was a feminine prefix, wa-.

  • paŋ = destination trigger
  • PLak: iHt = locative trigger

Derivational morphology

  • -s: feminine
    • Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
  • prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
    • Ashanic *àr, Wdm. , năr/măr
  • ay = nominalization
  • b- = agentive
    • Wdm. pă- (not productive)
    • Tseer ba-
  • ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
  • t- = denominal verbs, causative
    • Wdm. th- (not productive)
  • lä- = verbalizer
  • ʔu- = intensive
    • Wdm. th-u-
  • ya- = adjectivizer; from ya 'with'
    • Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
  • ʔ = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
    • not productive in Wdm

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

  • ptek 'body'
  • lakof = human, person
  • ṛ-: nonvolitional
    • Wdm -ră-, -năr-
  • tkä 'to go'
    • Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä
      • Windermere răchta 'to die'
      • Tseer thaka 'to go'
      • Tsjoen tjo
  • PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. csie 'star'
  • PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
  • PAsh ʔmä
    • Wdm. ăma
  • PAsh ʔeb
    • Wdm. ep
  • PLak ḷban
    • PAsh àlbon 'water'
      • Wdm. blon
      • Tseer olban, Modern nban
    • Häskä əlfon
  • PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
    • Tsrovesh dvmazh
    • PAsh dàrmày
      • Wdm. trămäy
  • PAsh madaŋs 'struggle, war'
    • Wdm.mătäng 'war'
  • PLak žän
    • PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
      • Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
        • Schong jahn
        • Æ jov?
      • Wdm. șän
  • PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
    • PAsh àlgan
      • Wdm. glan 'straight'
      • Tseer ookhan
  • ʔopor 'high'
    • Wdm. ăfur 'noble'
    • Tseer ofor 'high'

Numbers

aHdan, aHrät, atsiw, amsHäk, amsHut

some reflexes of 1, 2 based on *Hadna and *Härta