Naeng/Classical

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Old Windermere
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Old Windermere
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Old Windermere is the oldest attested form of Windermere, contemporaneous with Thensarian and Tigol.

Phonology

Vowels

Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.

Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: most notably, it had ă /ə/ and i /ɪ~ɨ/ as reduced vowels which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Morphology

Sandhi

Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

  • fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
  • th + fric -> fric + t
    • ths -> st, as in sehf 'go' -> *thsehf -> stehf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
    • thf -> ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' -> *tithfi -> tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
    • thch -> cht, e.g. Proto-Lakovic *ṛ- nonvolitional + *tka 'to go' > Proto-Windermere àrθχa > răchta 'to die'
    • thł, thș
  • ch + fric
  • s + f, th, ch > sp, st, sc
  • rC, lC > Cr, Cl
  • ps pn png > sp fn fng
  • tp thp tsp kp chp > tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
  • tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st

Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.

Nouns

Old Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples: cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

sroc 'brick' > săchroc 'bricks'

croth 'person' > pănges 'people'

Verbs

Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.

Pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.

  • 1sg: rih
  • 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
  • 3sg: in (m), is (f)
  • 1pl exclusive: tsa
  • 1pl inclusive: ăbang
  • 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
  • 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Derivation

(Anything else?)

  • *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
  • pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
    • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
    • tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
  • ha- (passive)

Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.