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{{Infobox language
{{Ambox
|name          = Kalurilut
| name  = construction
|nativname       = saKalurilut
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
|pronunciation = [sakaluʁiˈlut]
| small = {{{small|no}}}
|region        = Central Márusúturon (iKalurilut)
| type  = notice
|ethnicity    = suKalurilut
| image = [[File:cutting.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = is a '''construction site'''. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}
 
{{Infobox language
|name          = Qualdomelic
|nativename       = cwaldeumẹlj
|pronunciation = kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ
|region        = Central Márusúturon (Qualdomailor)
|ethnicity    = Qualdomelic
|speakers      = {{formatnum:40000000}}
|speakers      = {{formatnum:40000000}}
|date          = 4E Ɛ1 / 2312
|date          = 3874 <small>(6424<sub>10</sub>)</small> /2312
|setting      = Calémere
|setting      = [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]]
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|familycolor  = Nilo-Saharan
|fam1          = Isolate
|fam1          = Samaidulic languages
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|fam2          = Western Samaidulic
|created      = Jun 2016
|creator      = User:Lili21
|script        = Kalurilut script
|created      = Mar 2014, revived Feb 2018
|scripts      = Qualdomelic script
|nation       = Qualdomailor
}}
}}


The '''Kalurilut language''' (natively ''saKalurilut'' [sakaluʁiˈlut]) is a language isolate of the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], spoken natively by virtually all people in ''iKalurilut'', a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language<ref>Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.</ref>, and also by some minority in the northwestern [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem Inquisition]] (the country iKalurilut shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leny-tḥewe, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from iKalurilut by the ''Ittungaq Gulf'' (or ''Sea'' — in Kal. ''ivulit iIttungaq''), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the west There are about 40 million native Kalurilut speakers, the vast majority in iKalurilut.<br/>
The '''Qualdomelic language''' (natively ''toj cwaldeumẹlj'' {{IPA|[tɔɪ̯ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ]}} or, in full, ''toj cwaldeumẹlj toj γrămaț'' {{IPA|[- tɔɪ̯ ɣɾəˈmats]}}) is a language spoken on the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], native language of virtually all people in ''Qualdomailor'' (Qua.: ''Cwaldewmăjlor''), a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language<ref>Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.</ref>, and also by some minority in the northwestern [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem Inquisition]] (the country Qualdomailor shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from Qualdomailor by the ''Western Sea'' (in Qua. ''ivulit căd ittungaq''), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the West.<br/>There are about 40 million native Qualdomelic speakers, the vast majority in Qualdomailor.<br/>
As the language of a people - the ''suKalurilut'' - situated in a vital bottleneck of commerce between the Eastern and Western parts of central-northern Márusúturon, many words from it have entered languages of neighboring peoples, and an older form of iKalurilut was a lingua franca in a vast area of the continent. In the next centuries, its importance on the continent began to sharply fall, mostly due to the rise of the empire of Greater Skyrdagor to the northeast and the conquest of most lands to the south of iKalurilut — where saKalurilut was the lingua franca — by the Chlouvānem from the southeast. Kalurilut still influenced both languages, with often loanwords from [[Chlouvānem]] to [[Skyrdagor]] and vice versa showing signs of being borrowed through the means of Kalurilut first. Still, Kalurilut itself absorbed lots of loanwords, especially religious terminology and modern-day concepts from Chlouvānem, starting from the suKalurilut's conversion to the Yunyalīlti religion.
It belongs to the Samaidulic language family (Qua.: ''tăjț samăjdul tăjț γrămaț''), more specifically to the Western Samaidulic languages - it is thus distantly related to another major language of the area, the Eastern Samaidulic [[Brono-Fathanic]].


After a long period where its international importance was overshadowed by the far greater reach of Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor, the Kalurilut language is now getting a revival in abroad learning, aided by the less strict visa policies and better human rights record for foreigners in iKalurilut when compared to the Chlouvānem Inquisition, so that the country has become an obligatory destination for most Westerners interested in Eastern Calemerian culture, lifestyle, and sciences, as well as life in the environmental-friendliest country on Calémere.
As the language of a people - the ''Qualdomelics'' (Qua. ''cwaldewmẹljăd'') - situated in a vital bottleneck of commerce between the Eastern and Western parts of central-northern Márusúturon, many words from it have entered languages of neighboring peoples, and an older form of Qualdomelic was a lingua franca in a vast area of the continent. In the next centuries, its importance on the continent began to sharply fall, mostly due to the rise of the empire of Greater Skyrdagor to the northeast and the conquest of most lands to the south of Qualdomailor — where Qualdomelic was the lingua franca — by the Chlouvānem from the southeast. Qualdomelic still influenced both languages, with often loanwords from [[Chlouvānem]] to [[Skyrdagor]] and vice versa showing signs of being borrowed through the means of Qualdomelic first. Still, Qualdomelic itself absorbed lots of loanwords, especially religious terminology and modern-day concepts from Chlouvānem, starting from the Qualdomelics' conversion to the Yunyalīlti religion.


==Introduction==
After a long period where its international importance was overshadowed by the far greater reach of Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor, the Qualdomelic language is now getting a revival in abroad learning, aided by the less strict visa policies and better human rights record for foreigners in Qualdomailor when compared to the Chlouvānem Inquisition, so that the country has become an obligatory destination for most Westerners interested in Eastern Calemerian culture, lifestyle, and sciences, as well as life in the environmental-friendliest country on Calémere.


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
==External History==
Qualdomelic is a revived version of what I consider my first ever "serious" conlang (that is, not a relex), which I created in March 2014 - along with my first conworld sketch I used the name Calémere<ref>Then still spelled "Kalémere".</ref> for - and was called Valdimelic (''Hvaldeimήḷta'' in the orthography I used back then) - conworld-wise, it was Chlouvānem but about fifteen versions before the current one. While, after four years, I can safely say that in my original Valdimelic there were many too naïf elements and a bit of kitchen-sinkyness here and there, in the end there was something in its sound I liked and therefore, in February 2018, I decided to "revive" it (even if apart from a few lexical items it is, grammar-wise, a totally different language) and use it to replace ''saKalurilut'', a long-standing language in my conworld but which was too much of a Kalaallisut giblang to be justified after all those years. Its place in Calémere and a few words are thus taken from saKalurilut. As far as aesthetics are concerned, I replaced many of the too much Greek-looking words, as well as ēta and ōmega (but I kept gamma for /ɣ/) of the original Valdimelic, as well as those ideas that still survive in some way in Chlouvānem, with an aesthetic mostly inspired by Romanian, with hints of Irish, Yoruba (mainly ''ẹ'' and ''ọ''), and that beautiful Māori ''wh''.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
==Qualdomailor==
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Communist Republic of Qualdomailor
|native_name =        ''iă njăwțarnẹdarficu niă nnăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor''
|common_name =      Qualdomailor
|image_flag =Flag of Qualdomailor.png
|alt_flag =          Flag of the CRQ
|national_anthem =    The Song of Xixac<br/>(''Xixac căd nix'')
|capital = Cănțe Inarviut
|largest_city =      Arvallivăt
|official_languages = Qualdomelic
|regional_languages = [[Chlouvānem]] <small>''(South)''</small>
|ethnic_groups = 81,5% Qualdomelic <small>(''cwaldewmẹljăd'')</small><br/>17% Chlouvānem <small>(''țẹnwhanem'')</small><br/>1,5% others
|ethnic_groups_year = (386ᘔ <small>(6418<sub>10</sub>)</small> census)
|religion =          96% Yunyalīlti <small>(''junjăliltărfic'')</small><br/>4% others
|demonym = Qualdomelic
|government_type = Single-party presidential republic
|leader_title1 =    General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
|leader_name1 = Răjultiq Mittuc jamhni Whăngeă
<!-- |sovereignty_type =  Brief description of country/territory's status ("Independence [from...]", "Autonomous province [of...]", etc)
|sovereignty_note = -->
|established_event1 = Unification under the King of Cănțe Inarviut
|established_date1 =  3698 <small>(6164<sub>10</sub>)</small>
|established_event2 = Establishment of the Communist Republic
|established_date2 =  37Ɛ4 <small>(6328<sub>10</sub>)</small>
<!-- |area_rank = ?
|area_magnitude=TBA
|area_footnote =    <ref>Natively cited as 43.ᘔ1.Ɛ20 e <small>(12,901,128<sub>10</sub>)</small>: 1 e (''ekram'') = 1,12 km<sup>2</sup> = 0,43 mi<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
{{convert|14,449,263.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} -->
<!-- |percent_water =
|population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year =  -->
|population_census = 39,838,427 <small>(1.14.12.78Ɛ<sub>12</sub>)</small>
|population_census_year = 386ᘔ <small>(6418<sub>10</sub>)</small>
<!-- |population_density_km2 = 101.72
|population_density_sq_mi = 263.46
|population_density_rank = -->
|Gini = 0.191
|Gini_rank = 1st
|Gini_year = 3871 <small>(6421<sub>10</sub>)</small>
|HDI_year = 3872 <small>(6422<sub>10</sub>)</small>
|HDI = 0.932
|HDI_rank = 2nd
|currency =          Inquisitorial Ilāti (CHI)
|time_zone =          [[#Time_zones|LIL−3]] Qualdomelic Time<br/><small>''(CER+9:53′40″)''</small>
|drives_on =          left
|calling_code =      +840
}}


Goals
'''Qualdomailor''' (natively ''Cwaldewmăjlor'' {{IPA|[kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]}}), officially the '''Communist Republic of Qualdomailor''' (''iă nJăwțarnẹdarficu niă nNăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor'' {{IPA|[iə̯ ˌnjəʊ̯tsarˌnɛdarˈfiku niə̯ nːəaˌqapparˈtut kəˈiʃɪ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]}}), is a country in central Márusúturon, a continent of Calémere. It borders, clockwise from the north, Ylvostydh, Brono, and the Chlouvānem Inquisition; its western borders are maritime, on the Skyrdegan Inner Sea, more precisely the two inlets called Western Sea (''ivulit căd ittungaq'', a.k.a. High Ivulit in Chlouvānem sources) and (its southernmost part) Southern Passage Gulf (''ciswulit căd allațeă sa nănngiup'', a.k.a. Little Ivulit), which divide it from the countries of Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, and Oempras. Most of its current borders are mountainous, with the country's highest peak, Mount Šuvăṛuc (''păsjănngul Šuvăṛuc'' or ''nărja Šuvăṛuc''; <small>[[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''šūlābdeyān ga ñaryāh''</small>), on the Chlouvānem border and very close to the tripoint with Brono, being 3.ᘔƐ2 pā (6758<sub>10</sub> = about 7021.5 m) high.
Setting
Inspiration


-->
Qualdomailor lies almost entirely between latitudes 30° and 39°N, and mostly has a mediterranean climate; its southernmost point is just about one mile south of the 30th parallel north. The country may be divided, thanks to its various mountain chains, in three distinct zones: the Arănngallaq plain, along the Vălțẹšp river, which lies in the central-northern part of the country and is its most densely populated part; the long but narrow western coast; and the central highlands, which are river basins that ultimately all drain into the western coast through two major rivers - the Qasivănnẹq in the central part and the Ọrăisărpiq in the far south<ref>The final stretch of the Ọrăisărpiq river (in Chl. ''Årayīsarpīka ga maita''), after the canyons, also marks a small section of the border between Qualdomailor and the Chlouvānem Inquisition.</ref> - that cut through the mountains in impressive canyon systems.<br/>The two largest cities, Cănțe Inarviut ("City of the East", the capital), and Arvallivăt ("Red Castle"), lie in the Arănngallaq plain.


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti]]. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - [[Chlouvānem]] is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people.
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
[[File:Qualdomailor.png|thumb|Map of Qualdomailor]]
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Qualdomailor is written in its own, alphabetic script (called ''ta Whaldewmẹlje sa šowsẹ''), which is a derivative of an older form of the [[Skyrdagor|Skyrdegan script]], a script it retains a large degree of mutual intelligibility with, despite a few differences through further simplifications the Skyrdegan script underwent and a different printing and typesetting style (the Qualdomelic script is characterized by more curved lines).
Qualdomelic orthography is morphophonemic and, to some extent, etymological. In the following table, only the most common, non-mutated spelling for each phoneme is given.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Kalurilut has a rather small consonant inventory, with only twelve ''native'' consonants; every Kalurilut dialect, however, adds at least /ʃ/ in loans due to its high occurrence in loans from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem; many dialects, including the standard one, also add /h/ mainly from the same sources.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; " |
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
!Nasal
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dentoalveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
| m
|
| n
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|-
|-
!Plosive
! Nasals
| p
| '''m''' m || || '''n''' n || || || || '''ng''' ŋ || ||
|  
| t
|  
|  
| k
| q
|  
|-
|-
!Fricative
! Plosives
|  
| '''p''' p<br/>'''b''' b || || '''t''' t<br/>'''d''' d || || || || '''c''' k<br/>'''g''' g || '''q''' q ||
|  
| s
| (ʃ)
|  
|  
| ʁ
| (h)
|-
|-
!Approximant
! Affricates
|  
| || || '''ț''' ts<br/>'''x''' dz || || || || || ||
| ʋ
|  
|  
| j
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!Lateral app.
! Fricatives
|  
| || '''f''' f<br/>'''v''' v || '''s''' s<br/>'''z''' z || '''š''' ʃ<br/>'''ž''' ʒ || || || '''ch''' x<br/>'''γ''' ɣ || || '''h''' h
|  
|-
| l
! Approximants
|  
| || || '''r''' r <br/>'''l''' l || || '''ṛ''' ɽ || '''lj''' ʎ || || ||
|  
|-
|  
! Semivowels
|  
| || || || || || '''j''' j || '''w''' w || ||
|  
|}
|}
This inventory is strictly based on the standard dialect of Kalurilut, spoken in ''iRunguunap'' (and thus sometimes called ''saRunguunap''), the region of central-northern iKalurilut along the ''iPiarunngit'' river. Many dialects, especially in the south, as well as those spoken in areas where Kalurilut speakers are a minority, keep the voicing contrast in loanwords.


In ''saRunguunap'' or Standard saKalurilut, the affricate [t͡s], which usually only appears as an allophone of /tt/ before /i(ː)/ and of /ss/ before /i(ː) u(ː)/, may be considered phonemic due to its presence in a few Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor loanwords (e.g. ''runatsukai'' (petroleum) < Chl. ''natsukai'').
Notable instances of allophony:
* {{IPA|/r/}} is {{IPA|[ɾ]}} after consonants (e.g. ''γrămaț'' "language" {{IPA|[ɣɾəˈmats]}});
* {{IPA|/l/}} is {{IPA|[ɫ]}} before consonants (e.g. ''mălpa'' "room" {{IPA|[ˈməɫpa]}}) and geminate {{IPA|/ll/}} is {{IPA|[ɬː]}} (e.g. ''Arvallivăt'' {{IPA|[arˈvaɬːivət]}}).
 
Note that the Chlouvānem phoneme /ɴ̆/ '''l''' is typically adapted in Qualdomelic as /q/ word-initially and as /ŋ/ otherwise; however, in many Yunyalīlti religious words it is adapted as /l/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Kalurilut has a standard three-vowel system with length distinction. /e o/ are loaned vowels, appearing in loanwords, mostly from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem, which entered the language in the last fifty years.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!High
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
| i iː || || u uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! High
| (e) || || (o)
| '''i''' i || || '''u''' u
|-
! High-mid
| '''e''' e || '''ă''' ə || '''o''' o
|-
! Low-mid
| '''ẹ''' ɛ || || '''ọ''' ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| || a ||  
| || '''a''' a ||
|}
|}


Allophonic presence of [e o] in native words is found in many Western Kalurilut dialects (thus not in ''saRunguunap''), as allophones of /i u/ (not /iː uː/) before uvular or glottal consonants.
Diphthongs are typically categorized depending on their first element:
* a-: /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ '''aj aw'''
* ɛ-: /ɛɪ̯ ɛʊ̯ ɛə̯/ '''ej ew eă'''
* ɔ-: /ɔɪ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔə̯/ '''oj ow oă'''
* ə-: /əɪ̯ əʊ̯/ '''ăj ăw'''
* i-: /iə̯/ '''iă'''
* u-: /uə̯/ '''uă'''
 
Hiatuses are usually permitted - see e.g. ''căiši'' "<small>N/M.PL/F.PL</small> of" {{IPA|/kəˈiʃi/}}, ''nănngiup'' "passage" {{IPA|/nəŋːiˈup/}}.
 
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is phonemic and unmarked in the orthography. The most common position is on the penultimate (e.g. ''vẹfnăro'' "sleep" {{IPA|/vɛʊ̯ˈnəro/}}; ''cwalăš'' "apple" {{IPA|/ˈkwaləʃ/}}), but words ending in stops or affricates are usually stressed on the last syllable (e.g. ''γrămaț'' "language" {{IPA|/ɣrəˈmats/}}, ''ivulit'' "sea" {{IPA|/ivuˈlit/}}).
Compound stress is usually on the last element, but if the last element is stressed on the first syllable and the preceding element is stressed on the last, then the last syllable of the penultimate element is stressed - as in the toponym ''Arvallivăt'' {{IPA|/arˈvallivət/}} from ''arvan'' {{IPA|/arˈvan/}} "red" and ''livăt'' {{IPA|/ˈlivət/}} "castle" (the latter among the few common words ending in a stop which are not stressed on the last syllable).
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
 
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
A striking feature of saKalurilut is the assimilation and dissimilation of neighboring consonants - typically, the second consonant prevails, unless the first is '''m''' or '''q''', but there are exceptions:
There are two mutations (''căṛăwhăro'' /kəɽəˈfəro/) that influence the initial consonant, or the initial absence of a consonant, of a Qualdomelic word in the same noun phrase when after certain other words: the softening mutation (''iă njențejbu niă găṛăwhăro'') and the hardening mutation (''iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
The softening mutation has the following effects:
* p t k q → f s ch γ
* b d g → v z γ
* s z → h
* f → ∅ (orth. ''fh'')
* v cw → w (orth. ''wh'')<ref>Mutated '''wh''' represents /w/, but the same digraph represents /f/ when occurring in roots, e.g. in ''whădoț'' [fəˈdots] "to see".</ref>
* h → ăh-
* ț x → s z
* (in internal saṃdhi only) C-V → CːV
 
The hardening mutation has the following effects:
* p t k → b d g
* ț → x
* b d g → mm nn nng
* s z → z ṛ (the latter orth. ''ṛz'')
* f → pf (if orth. ''wh'' → ''phw'')
* v → nwh /ŋw/
* h → q (orth. ''qh'')
* j → nj
* initial vowel → n-
 
Words that trigger the softening mutation are marked by a following '''ʰ''' (e.g. the feminine singular definite article ''taʰ''), while those that trigger the hardening one are marked by a following ''ⁿ'' (e.g. the neuter singular definite article ''iăⁿ''). As "mutation" - ''căṛăwhăro'' is a neuter noun, in the names of both mutations we may clearly see how e.g. underlying ''iăⁿ uzwhăbjoăb-uⁿ iăⁿ căṛăwhăro'' becomes ''iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro''.
 
For the internal saṃdhi softening mutation Cʰ-V → CːV, a good example is the word ''năaqappartut'' "republic", composed of ''nă-aqapʰ-artut'' (literally "large decision organization").
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Qualdomelic nouns are uninflected, but number is among the information encoded by the article. There are four articles for each noun class: a singular, a plural, a "universal" article (translated with "all" in examples), and a "partitive" article (translated with "some" in examples). Their forms (and triggered mutations) vary:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="textalign:center"
|-
|-
! C_ ↓ / _C → !! m !! n !! ng !! p !! t !! k !! q !! s !! r !! v !! i /j/ !! l
! Class !! Singular !! Plural !! Universal !! Partitive
|-
|-
! m
! Masculine
| rowspan=8 | mm || mm || nng || colspan=3 | mm || nng || tt || rm || mv || mi || mm
| toj || tăjț || toc || ăso
|-
|-
! n
! Feminine
| nn || rowspan=7 | nng || rowspan=5 | pp || rowspan=4 | tt || rowspan=5 | kk || rowspan=2 | ngr || ss || rn || nv || ni || rowspan=5 | ll<br/>[ɬː]
| taʰ || tajγ || tănc || ăšiʰ
|-
|-
! ng
! Neuter
| nng || rs || ngr || ngv || ngi
| iăⁿ || ing || irăⁿ || ăjuⁿ
|-
|}
! p
 
| rowspan=6 | nn || rowspan=3 | qq || rowspan=5 | ss || rowspan=3 | rr || rowspan=4 |  ff<br/>/ʋʋ/ || pi
Examples:
: ''luăchwhjen'' /lu(ə̯)jen/ "book, a book" – ''toj luăchwhjen'' "the book" – ''tăjț luăchwhjen'' "the books" – ''toc luăchwhjen'' "all the books" – ''ăso luăchwhjen'' "some books"
: ''biăm'' /biə̯m/ "tree, a tree" – ''ta viăm'' "the tree" – ''tajγ biăm'' "the trees" – ''tănc biăm'' "all the trees" – ''ăši viăm'' "some trees"
: ''fendur'' /ˈfendur/ "day, a day" – ''iă pfendur'' "the day" – ''ing fendur'' "the days" – ''iră pfendur'' "all the days" – ''ăju pfendur'' "some days"
 
Note that articles are repeated before all elements in a noun phrase, e.g. ''ta whalăš ta arvan'' "the red apple", ''toc tiăda toc țigulic'' "all the calm mornings".
 
====Possession====
Possessed nouns are marked by a following postposition which varies according to the gender and number of the possessed noun. The masculine singular form is '''căd''', the feminine singular one is '''ceda''', while the one used for neuters and all plurals is '''căiši'''. This does not apply when the possessor is coincident with a third person pronoun, in which case there is a special suffix to use (see table below).
 
Some nouns, on the other hand, have a completely different possessed form and never use the possessive particle. The most common examples are '''camiuq''' "son" and '''camẹnă''' "daughter", which have the possessed forms ''jamwhaʰ'' "son of..." and ''jamhniʰ'' "daughter of...".
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronominal possessive suffixes
|-
|-
! t
! Person/number !! Suffix !! Example
| ti
|-
|-
! k
! 1SG
| kt || ki
| -ur || ''dẹljur'' "my house"
|-
|-
! q
! 2SG
| colspan=4 | qq || qq || qi || qq
| -ed || ''ronuqed'' "your sword"
|-
|-
! s
! 3SG
| pp || tt || kk || qq || rr || ss || si || rowspan=5 | ll<br/>[ɬː]
| -(j)e || ''fẹctăse'' "his/her window"
|-
|-
! r
! 1PL incl.
| rm || ngr || rf<br/>/ʁp/ || rt || rk || rq || rs || rr || rv || ri
| -uăre || ''γăljẹuăre'' "our cat"
|-
|-
! u /ʋ/
! 1PL excl.
| rowspan=3 | mm || rowspan=3 | nn || rowspan=3 | nng || rowspan=3 | pp || rowspan=3 | tt || rowspan=3 | kk || rowspan=3 | qq || rowspan=3 | ss || rowspan=3 | rr || rowspan=2 | ff<br/>/ʋʋ/ || ngi
| -erel || ''whejnraerel'' "our city"
|-
|-
! i /j/
! 2PL
| ḥḥ<br/>/jj/<br/>[çː]
| -ăjde || ''luăchwhjenăjde'' "your book"
|-
|-
! l
! 3PL
| tt || li
| -ăjm || ''mălpaăjm'' "their room"
|}
|}


Note that /ss/ is written '''ts''' and pronounced [t͡s] before /i(ː) u(ː)/; the same is also valid for /tt/ before /i(ː)/.
<!-- ===Noun classes===
 
This table only applies to saRunguumap; different dialects may have different realizations, which in some cases have been imported as distinct words into the standard language - e.g. the city of ''iKaannaliut'' in northern iKalurilut, meaning "Shark Bay" (-kaan-ualiut) - in the standard dialect it would have been iKaanvaliut with [-nʋ-] instead of [-nn-].
 
==Morphology==
===Noun classes===
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.


Line 217: Line 288:
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| Natural features, lands (<small>SG</small>) || i- || rowspan=2 | i- || rowspan=2 | ∅- || ''ikavik'' (river)
| Natural features, lands (<small>SG</small>) || i-<br/>∅-<ref>Before vowels.</ref> || rowspan=2 | i- || rowspan=2 | ∅- || ''ikavik'' (river)
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
Line 223: Line 294:
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| Misc., abstract + most borrowings (<small>SG</small>) || ru- || ri- || a- || ''rutarraa'' (knowledge <small>(< Chl. ''tarlā'')</small>)
| Misc., abstract + most borrowings (<small>SG</small>) || ru-<br/><small>na-*</small> || ri- || a- || ''rutangraa'' (knowledge <small>(< Chl. ''tarlā'')</small>)
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| Misc., abstract + most borrowings (<small>PL</small>) || iqa- || qi- || ia- || ''iqatarraa'' (studies)
| Misc., abstract + most borrowings (<small>PL</small>) || iqa- || qi- || ia- || ''iqatangraa'' (studies)
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
Line 232: Line 303:
|}
|}


Different words may be derived just by putting a single root in different classes. So for example we have ''kaKalurilut'' (a Kalurilut person), ''saKalurilut'' (the Kalurilut language), ''iKalurilut'' (the Kalurilut land), or ''ruKalurilut'' (Kalurilut-ness, or their ethnic identity). Sometimes they're less obvious synchronically, e.g. ''tutavik'' (wolf) and ''rutavik'' (moon).
The ''na-'' prefix in class 11 is only used with a few roots, notably ''naartut'' (group, organization), ''naraqiak'' (lead, drive, government), and ''natsukai'' (petroleum); the latter is a loanword which already began in ''na-'' in the source language.
 
====Adjectival and derivational use of class prefixes====
Class prefixes in saKalurilut may be commonly switched, especially with roots that are typically used in a single class, in order to derive an adjectival meaning. ''-ttungaq'' (sunset, West) and ''-narviut'' (sunrise, East) are two striking examples:
* ''saisivat'' "road"; ''rungaq'' "culture" ''ittungaq'' "sunset, West"; ''inarviut'' "sunrise, East"
* ''saisivat sattungaq'' "Western road"; ''saisivat sanarviut'' "Eastern road"
** ''tuuisivat tuuttungaq'' "Western roads"; ''tuuisivat tuunarviut'' "Eastern roads"
* ''rungaq ruttungaq'' "Western culture"; ''rungaq runarviut'' "Eastern culture"
** ''iqangaq iqattungaq'' "Western cultures"; ''iqangaq iqanarviut'' "Eastern cultures"
 
Another common use of class prefixes is derivational: different words may be derived just by putting a single root in different classes. So for example we have ''kaKalurilut'' (a Kalurilut person), ''saKalurilut'' (the Kalurilut language), ''iKalurilut'' (the Kalurilut land), or ''ruKalurilut'' (Kalurilut-ness, or their ethnic identity). Note that, however, the class 2 form is irregular ''Sulurilut'' (instead of *suKalurilut).<br/>In the previous example, ''rungaq'' and its plural ''iqangaq'' are formed by putting in class 11/12 the root ''-ngaq'', that in class 1/2 gives ''kangaq'', ''sungaq'' (person, people). Sometimes they're less obvious synchronically, e.g. ''tutavik'' (wolf) and ''rutavik'' (moon).
 
Derivation is especially common with verbal roots:
* class 13: ''tiingiupaq'' "to pass, cross (intr.)"
* class 9/10: ''ingiup'' "passage", ''ittungiup'' "passages"
* class 1/2: ''kangiup'' "traveller", ''sungiup'' "travellers"
* class 3/4: ''tungiup'' "migratory bird", ''nangriup'' "migratory birds"


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 270: Line 357:
! 3rd (masc. & fem.)
! 3rd (masc. & fem.)
| rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ~ralinngit  
| rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ~ralinngit  
|}
|} -->


===Numerals===
Modern Qualdomelic has a duodecimal number system because of [[Chlouvānem]] influence, which completely replaced the earlier, decimal one: only the roots from 1 to Ɛ, optionally 10<sub>12</sub>, and the old number 100<sub>10</sub> (''qọlbră'', which nowadays is not a numeral anymore, but simply a noun meaning "a lot of", "a large quantity") survive. However, most numerals are hybrids of native roots (for the units) and Chlouvānem ones (for the dozens and other powers of 12).


<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
As for types of numerals distinguished, Qualdomelic has cardinals, ordinals (analytic from Ɛ on; they double as fractionaries, with only ½ having a separate root), and distributives (analytic, formed by reduplication). Numbers from 1 to 5 also have adverbial numerals (once, twice, three times...).


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Digit<sub>12</sub> !! <small>Base 10</small> !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Distributive !! Adverbial
|-
! 0
| 0 || '''axar''' || <small>''(săga axar)''</small> || <small>''(axar axar)''</small> || —
|-
! 1
| 1 || '''sọr''' || samăt || sọssọr || saruman
|-
! 2
| 2 || '''nad'''|| năjen<br/>(½: ''bănic'') || nannad || nămman
|-
! 3
| 3 || '''călẹt''' || călẹtupsi || călẹcălẹt || călẹmman
|-
! 4
| 4 || '''iwhăs''' || iwhățupsi || iwhăssăs || iwhățan
|-
! 5
| 5 || '''but''' || burupsi || but but || burnan
|-
! 6
| 6 || '''tọja''' || tojcupsi || tọja tọja || rowspan=10 | —
|-
! 7
| 7 || '''seț''' || sițecupsi || seț seț
|-
! 8
| 8 || '''naz''' <small>-eⁿ</small> || nazenupsi || naze nnaz
|-
! 9
| 9 || '''kow''' || kubrupsi || kow kow
|-
! ᘔ
| 10 || '''urăn''' <small>ʰ</small> || urănupsi || urăn urăn
|-
! Ɛ
| 11 || '''urănțọr'''<br/><small>(''vẹngdeng'')</small> || săga urănțọr || urănțọr urănțọr
|-
! 10
| 12 || '''mamej'''<br/><small>(''urănad'')</small> || săga mamej || mamej mamej
|-
! 11
| 13 || '''sọr-u-mamej''' || săga sọr-u-mamej || sọssọr-u-mamej
|-
! 12
| 14 || '''nad-u-mamej''' || săga nad-u-mamej || nannad-u-mamej
|-
! 13
| 15 || '''călẹt-u-mamej''' || săga călẹt-u-mamej || călẹcălẹt-u-mamej
|-
! colspan=6 | ...
|-
!
| 23 || '''urănțọr-u-mamej''' || săga urănțọr-u-mamej || urănțọr urănțọr-u-mamej || rowspan=2 | —
|-
! 20
| 24 || '''naxamamej''' || săga naxamamej || naxamamej naxamamej
|}
The roots ''axar'' (< ''ajrā''), ''vẹngdeng'' (< ''vælden''), and ''mamej'' (< ''māmei'') in the table above are of clear Chlouvānem origin. The forms ''urănțọr'' and ''mamej'' are preferred to ''vẹngdeng'' and ''urănad'', but the latter two can still be found sometimes.


Nouns
The other dozens are:
Adjectives
: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> călẹțemamej
Verbs
: '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> iwhăšamamej
Adverbs
: '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> buțemamej
Particles
: '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> tọjoămamej
Derivational morphology
: '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> sețengmamej
: '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> nazengmamej
: '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> kọwhamamej
: '''ᘔ0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> urăngmamej
: '''Ɛ0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> vẹngdemamej
: and '''100''' <small>(144<sub>10</sub>)</small> nichẹng.


-->
Further numbers are simple juxtapositions, written as separate words, e.g. 101<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng sọr'', 179<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng kow-u-sețengmamej'', 200<sub>12</sub> ''nad nichẹng'', 8ᘔ5 ''naze nnichẹng but-u-urăngmamej'', etc.<br/>
Higher numbers still follow the Chlouvānem system: 1.000<sub>12</sub> is ''tingda''; 1.00.000<sub>12</sub> is a ''rajț''; 1.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''qangărajț''; 1.00.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''tăjskawț'' (or simply ''nichẹng qangărajț''), and 1.00.00.00.00.000 a ''qangtăjskawț'' (or ''mamej tingda qangărajț'').


==Syntax==
<!--==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb:
The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb:
: ''puu ura upungit uliraat taas saliaq.''
: ''puu ura upungit uliraat taas saliaq.''
: puu ura u-pungit u-liraat ∅-taas sa-liaq
: puu u-ra u-pungit u-liraat ∅-taas sa-liaq
: <small>1SG.NOM</small> for. <small>5-</small>my. <small>5-</small>family. <small>7.OBJ-</small>build. <small>7-</small>house.
: <small>1SG.NOM</small> <small>5-</small>for. <small>5-</small>my. <small>5-</small>family. <small>7.OBJ-</small>build. <small>7-</small>house.
: I build a house for my family.
: I build a house for my family.


Line 297: Line 452:
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses=== -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Months===
===Imuniguro-Xenic stock===
Qualdomelic is one of the main Imuniguro-Xenic languages, that is, those with a high number of Chlouvānem loans with regular sound correspondences (save for, in stress-timed Qualdomelic and [[Kuyugwazian]], sporadic unstressed vowel reduction) and using Chlouvānem roots and words for building new words. This table shows the sound correspondences between Chlouvānem and Imuniguro-Xenic Qualdomelic:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Chlouvānem]] !! Qualdomelic<br/>(early religious loans) !! Qualdomelic<br/>(Imuniguro-Xenic)
|-
! m
| colspan=2 | m
|-
! n, ṇ
| colspan=2 | n
|-
! ñ
| n || nj
|-
! ṃ
| colspan=2 | ng
|-
! p, ph
| colspan=2 | p
|-
! t, th, ṭ, ṭh
| colspan=2 | t
|-
! c, ch
| colspan=2 | ț
|-
! k
| rowspan=2 | c || c
|-
! kh
| ch
|-
! ɂ
| colspan=2 | ∅
|-
! ƾ
| colspan=2 | q
|-
! b, bh
| colspan=2 | b
|-
! d, dh, ḍ, ḍh
| colspan=2 | d
|-
! j, jh
| colspan=2 | x
|-
! g
| rowspan=2 | g || g
|-
! gh
| γ
|-
! s
| colspan=2 | s<br/>∅ (as part of -Vs direct case endings)
|-
! ṣ, š
| colspan=2 | š
|-
! h
| ch || h (word-initially)<br/>ch<br/>∅ (as part of -Vh direct case endings)
|-
! ħ
| colspan=2 | ch
|-
! v
| colspan=2 | w
|-
! y
| colspan=2 | j
|-
! r
| colspan=2 | r<br/>ṛ (before a retroflex consonant)
|-
! l
| l || q (word-initially)<br/>ng
|-
! i, į, ī
| colspan=2 | i
|-
! u, ų, ū
| colspan=2 | u
|-
! e, ę, ē
| colspan=2 | e<br/>ă (after a long vowel)
|-
! o
| o || rowspan=2 | o
|-
! å
| ọ
|-
! æ, ǣ
| colspan=2 | ẹ
|-
! a, ą, ā
| colspan=2 | a<br/>ă (after a long vowel, and often when connecting two parts of a compound word; word-finally in -ah endings)<br/>∅ (as part of -as endings)
|-
! ai, ąi
| colspan=2 | aj<br/>ăj (before or after a long vowel)
|-
! ei, ęi
| colspan=2 | ej
|-
! oe
| colspan=2 | oă
|-
! au, ąu
| colspan=2 | aw<br/>ăw (before or after a long vowel)
|-
! ṛ, ṝ
| colspan=2 | ră
|}
Note that Chlouvānem short vowels apart from '''a''' usually fall word-finally; note that word-final '''a''' is not reduced to '''ă''' after a long vowel. Some examples of Imuniguro-Xenic vocabulary:
* ''yunyalīlta'' → ''junjălilta'' ([[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlta]])
* ''lillamurḍhyā'' → ''lilamuṛdjá'' (Lillamurḍhyā)
* ''lārvājuṣa'' → ''larwaxuša'' (Yunyalīlti temple)
* ''līvas'' → ''qiw'' (apartment)
* ''ṣarivāṇa'' → ''šariwana'', rare alt. ''šarăwana'' (State)
* ''haloe'' (name) → ''hangoă'' (signature)
* ''juṃšañāña'' → ''xungšanjanja'' (diocese)
* ''ṣramāṇa'' → ''šăramana'' (province)
* ''maišildāryai'' → ''majšildarjăj'' (exhibition grounds) <small>(pl. tantum in Chl., sing. in Quald.)</small>
* ''kamelšītah'' → ''kamengšită'' (hall)
* ''jānilšeidah'' → ''xaningšejdă'' ([[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Monastic_Orders_and_Legions|legion]])
* ''dhurvālāṇa'' → ''durwangana'' (police)
* ''pahēšhānī'' → ''pachešchaní'' (Liturgical College)
===Time===
→ ''See also: [[Chlouvānem/Calendar and time|Chlouvānem calendar]]''
→ ''See also: [[Chlouvānem/Calendar and time|Chlouvānem calendar]]''


The modern Kalurilut calendar is basically the same as the Chlouvānem one. Month names are all loanwords from Chlouvānem, mostly shortened forms of the original full loans found in archaic texts:
The modern Qualdomelic calendar, as well as time reckoning, is essentially the same as the Chlouvānem one.  
# ''ruMaanguta'' (Māltapārṇāvi)
# ''ruParaata'' (Kanamiprātas)
# ''ruPaantanga'' (Pāṇḍalañši)
# ''ruMainga'' (Kanamimaila)
# ''ruMuqqaasena'' (Murkāsena)
# ''ruPuungusu'' (Būṃṣprātas)
# ''ruNgangiiaa'' (Laliāñaiṭa)
# ''ruParausaa'' (Brausāsena)
# ''ruReiraa'' (Mailaheirah)
# ''ruIaamiiaa'' (Ñariāyāmyah)
# ''ruPaivaavami'' (Bhaivyāvammi)
# ''ruIlaamiaasena'' (Īlāmyasena)
# ''ruRengivaa'' (Hælvyāsena)
# ''ruTšamimet'' (Camimæchliė)


===Festivities===
The fourteen months (''asenă'') of the year are:
# ''mangdaparnaj'' (Māltapārṇāvi)
# ''canămpraț'' (Kanamiprātas)
# ''pandăngaš'' (Pāṇḍalañši)
# ''canămmaj'' (Kanamimaila)
# ''muqqase'' (Murkāsena)
# ''bušpraț'' (Būṃṣprātas)
# ''qangjan'' (Lalyāñaiṭa)
# ''brawsase'' (Brausāsena)
# ''chejra'' (Mailaheirah)
# ''ajamja'' (Ñariāyāmyah)
# ''băjvavăm'' (Bhaivyāvammi)
# ''ilamjase'' (Īlāmyasena)
# ''hẹngvjase'' (Hælvyāsena)
# ''țamirada'' (Camirādhās)
 
The main divisions of time are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Qualdomelic !! Equivalent to !! rough Earthly approximation
|-
! Year
| šlăwhelẹc || 418 Calemerian days || 609.6 Earth days
|-
! Day
| fendur || 28<sub>12</sub> (32<sub>10</sub>) hours || ~35 hours
|-
! Hour
| garăn || 3 naxamamăljo <br/>60<sub>12</sub> (72<sub>10</sub>) răng || ~65 min ~37 sec
|-
! <small>''group of "minutes"''</small>
| naxamamăljo || 20<sub>12</sub> (24<sub>10</sub>) răng || ~21 min ~52 sec
|-
! "Minute"
| răng || ''(base unit)''  || ~54.6805 sec
|-
! "Second"
| namišoă || 1/40<sub>12</sub> (1/48<sub>10</sub>) răng  || ~1.8986 sec
|-
! <small>1/12 of a "second"</small>
| (namišoă ceda) săgămamej || 1/10<sub>12</sub> (1/12<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~0.1582 sec
|-
! <small>1/144 of a "second"</small>
| (namišoă ceda) săgănichẹng || 1/100<sub>12</sub> (1/144<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~0.0131 sec
|-
! <small>1/1728 of a "second"</small>
| (namišoă ceda) săgătingda || 1/1000<sub>12</sub> (1/1728<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~1.0987 ms
|}
 
The whole territory of Qualdomailor lies in time zone LIL−3 (<small>AKA</small> Qualdomelic Time), that is, three hours behind the reference meridian of Līlasuṃghāṇa, capital of the Inquisition. In the Cerian/Western standard, this time zone is noted as CER+9:53′40″<sub>10</sub> - about 9¾ hours ahead of the Western reference meridian of Mánébodin, capital of Ceria.
 
<!-- ===Festivities===
→ ''See also: [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]]''
→ ''See also: [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]]''


The main festivities in iKalurilut are the religious Yunyalīlti ones:
The main festivities in iKalurilut are the religious Yunyalīlti ones:
* ''uNissuaq uKinggaa'' or ''uRanire uNaatšašaraan'' (New Year — [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ranire nājaṣrān) - 1 ruMaanguta
* ''uNissuaq uKinngaa'' or ''uRanire uNaatšašaraan'' (New Year — [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ranire nājaṣrān) - 1 ruMaanguta
* ''uIimpatšangišaa'' (Festival of Harmony and Colours — hīmbajaṃšā) - 4 ruPaantanga
* ''uIimpatšangišaa'' (Festival of Harmony and Colours — hīmbajaṃšā) - 4 ruPaantanga
* ''uTšamingangiiatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Greater Night — camilaliājaṃšā) - 13 (15<sub>10</sub>) ruMainga (winter solstice)
* ''uTšamingangijaatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Greater Night — camilaliājaṃšā) - 13 (15<sub>10</sub>) ruMainga (winter solstice)
* ''uMaiuatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Word — maivajaṃšā) - 10 ruNgangiiaa
* ''uMaivatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Word — maivajaṃšā) - 10 ruNgangiiaa
* ''uTšangiratšaiaatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Final Fire — caṃkrajavyājaṃšā) - 1Ɛ (23<sub>10</sub>) ruParausaa
* ''uTšangiratšajaatšangišaa'' (Festival of the Final Fire — caṃkrajavyājaṃšā) - 1Ɛ (23<sub>10</sub>) ruParausaa
* ''uPaiuaauaašara'' (Oboe Nights — bhaivyāvāṣara) - 13 to 16 (15<sub>10</sub> to 18<sub>10</sub>) ruPaivaavami
* ''uPaivaavaašara'' (Oboe Nights — bhaivyāvāṣara) - 13 to 16 (15<sub>10</sub> to 18<sub>10</sub>) ruPaivaavami
* ''uKaingitšangišaa'' (Festival of Purity — kaili jaṃšā) - 4 ruRengivaa
* ''uKaingitšangišaa'' (Festival of Purity — kaili jaṃšā) - 4 ruRengivaa
* ''saNippaq ngaruNissuaq ruTavik'' (New Moon's Day — lališire hulei pārṇam) - variable (first day of the lunar year)
* ''saNippaq ngaruNissuaq ruTavik'' (New Moon's Day — lališire hulei pārṇam) - variable (first day of the lunar year)


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources== -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->


==Notes==


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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]

Latest revision as of 02:31, 19 November 2023

Qualdomelic
cwaldeumẹlj
Pronunciation[kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ]
Created byLili21
DateMar 2014, revived Feb 2018
SettingCalémere
EthnicityQualdomelic
Native speakers40,000,000 (3874 (642410) /2312)
Samaidulic languages
  • Western Samaidulic
    • Qualdomelic
Qualdomelic script
Official status
Official language in
Qualdomailor

The Qualdomelic language (natively toj cwaldeumẹlj [tɔɪ̯ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ] or, in full, toj cwaldeumẹlj toj γrămaț [- tɔɪ̯ ɣɾəˈmats]) is a language spoken on the planet of Calémere, native language of virtually all people in Qualdomailor (Qua.: Cwaldewmăjlor), a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language[1], and also by some minority in the northwestern Chlouvānem Inquisition (the country Qualdomailor shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from Qualdomailor by the Western Sea (in Qua. ivulit căd ittungaq), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the West.
There are about 40 million native Qualdomelic speakers, the vast majority in Qualdomailor.
It belongs to the Samaidulic language family (Qua.: tăjț samăjdul tăjț γrămaț), more specifically to the Western Samaidulic languages - it is thus distantly related to another major language of the area, the Eastern Samaidulic Brono-Fathanic.

As the language of a people - the Qualdomelics (Qua. cwaldewmẹljăd) - situated in a vital bottleneck of commerce between the Eastern and Western parts of central-northern Márusúturon, many words from it have entered languages of neighboring peoples, and an older form of Qualdomelic was a lingua franca in a vast area of the continent. In the next centuries, its importance on the continent began to sharply fall, mostly due to the rise of the empire of Greater Skyrdagor to the northeast and the conquest of most lands to the south of Qualdomailor — where Qualdomelic was the lingua franca — by the Chlouvānem from the southeast. Qualdomelic still influenced both languages, with often loanwords from Chlouvānem to Skyrdagor and vice versa showing signs of being borrowed through the means of Qualdomelic first. Still, Qualdomelic itself absorbed lots of loanwords, especially religious terminology and modern-day concepts from Chlouvānem, starting from the Qualdomelics' conversion to the Yunyalīlti religion.

After a long period where its international importance was overshadowed by the far greater reach of Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor, the Qualdomelic language is now getting a revival in abroad learning, aided by the less strict visa policies and better human rights record for foreigners in Qualdomailor when compared to the Chlouvānem Inquisition, so that the country has become an obligatory destination for most Westerners interested in Eastern Calemerian culture, lifestyle, and sciences, as well as life in the environmental-friendliest country on Calémere.

External History

Qualdomelic is a revived version of what I consider my first ever "serious" conlang (that is, not a relex), which I created in March 2014 - along with my first conworld sketch I used the name Calémere[2] for - and was called Valdimelic (Hvaldeimήḷta in the orthography I used back then) - conworld-wise, it was Chlouvānem but about fifteen versions before the current one. While, after four years, I can safely say that in my original Valdimelic there were many too naïf elements and a bit of kitchen-sinkyness here and there, in the end there was something in its sound I liked and therefore, in February 2018, I decided to "revive" it (even if apart from a few lexical items it is, grammar-wise, a totally different language) and use it to replace saKalurilut, a long-standing language in my conworld but which was too much of a Kalaallisut giblang to be justified after all those years. Its place in Calémere and a few words are thus taken from saKalurilut. As far as aesthetics are concerned, I replaced many of the too much Greek-looking words, as well as ēta and ōmega (but I kept gamma for /ɣ/) of the original Valdimelic, as well as those ideas that still survive in some way in Chlouvānem, with an aesthetic mostly inspired by Romanian, with hints of Irish, Yoruba (mainly and ), and that beautiful Māori wh.

Qualdomailor

Communist Republic of Qualdomailor
iă njăwțarnẹdarficu niă nnăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor
Flag of the CRQ
Flag
Anthem: The Song of Xixac
(Xixac căd nix)
CapitalCănțe Inarviut
Largest cityArvallivăt
Official languagesQualdomelic
Recognised regional languagesChlouvānem (South)
Ethnic groups ((386ᘔ (641810) census))81,5% Qualdomelic (cwaldewmẹljăd)
17% Chlouvānem (țẹnwhanem)
1,5% others
Religion96% Yunyalīlti (junjăliltărfic)
4% others
DemonymQualdomelic
GovernmentSingle-party presidential republic
• General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
Răjultiq Mittuc jamhni Whăngeă
Establishment
• Unification under the King of Cănțe Inarviut
3698 (616410)
• Establishment of the Communist Republic
37Ɛ4 (632810)
Population
• 386ᘔ (641810) census
39,838,427 (1.14.12.78Ɛ12)
Gini (3871 (642110))0.191
low · 1st
HDI (3872 (642210))0.932
very high · 2nd
CurrencyInquisitorial Ilāti (CHI)
Time zoneLIL−3 Qualdomelic Time
(CER+9:53′40″)
Drives on theleft
Calling code+840

Qualdomailor (natively Cwaldewmăjlor [kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]), officially the Communist Republic of Qualdomailor (iă nJăwțarnẹdarficu niă nNăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor [iə̯ ˌnjəʊ̯tsarˌnɛdarˈfiku niə̯ nːəaˌqapparˈtut kəˈiʃɪ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]), is a country in central Márusúturon, a continent of Calémere. It borders, clockwise from the north, Ylvostydh, Brono, and the Chlouvānem Inquisition; its western borders are maritime, on the Skyrdegan Inner Sea, more precisely the two inlets called Western Sea (ivulit căd ittungaq, a.k.a. High Ivulit in Chlouvānem sources) and (its southernmost part) Southern Passage Gulf (ciswulit căd allațeă sa nănngiup, a.k.a. Little Ivulit), which divide it from the countries of Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, and Oempras. Most of its current borders are mountainous, with the country's highest peak, Mount Šuvăṛuc (păsjănngul Šuvăṛuc or nărja Šuvăṛuc; Chl.: šūlābdeyān ga ñaryāh), on the Chlouvānem border and very close to the tripoint with Brono, being 3.ᘔƐ2 pā (675810 = about 7021.5 m) high.

Qualdomailor lies almost entirely between latitudes 30° and 39°N, and mostly has a mediterranean climate; its southernmost point is just about one mile south of the 30th parallel north. The country may be divided, thanks to its various mountain chains, in three distinct zones: the Arănngallaq plain, along the Vălțẹšp river, which lies in the central-northern part of the country and is its most densely populated part; the long but narrow western coast; and the central highlands, which are river basins that ultimately all drain into the western coast through two major rivers - the Qasivănnẹq in the central part and the Ọrăisărpiq in the far south[3] - that cut through the mountains in impressive canyon systems.
The two largest cities, Cănțe Inarviut ("City of the East", the capital), and Arvallivăt ("Red Castle"), lie in the Arănngallaq plain.

Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously Yunyalīlti. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - Chlouvānem is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people.

Map of Qualdomailor

Phonology

Orthography

Qualdomailor is written in its own, alphabetic script (called ta Whaldewmẹlje sa šowsẹ), which is a derivative of an older form of the Skyrdegan script, a script it retains a large degree of mutual intelligibility with, despite a few differences through further simplifications the Skyrdegan script underwent and a different printing and typesetting style (the Qualdomelic script is characterized by more curved lines).

Qualdomelic orthography is morphophonemic and, to some extent, etymological. In the following table, only the most common, non-mutated spelling for each phoneme is given.

Consonants

→ PoA
↓ Manner
Labial Labiodental Dentoalveolar Alveolopalatal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasals m m n n ng ŋ
Plosives p p
b b
t t
d d
c k
g g
q q
Affricates ț ts
x dz
Fricatives f f
v v
s s
z z
š ʃ
ž ʒ
ch x
γ ɣ
h h
Approximants r r
l l
ɽ lj ʎ
Semivowels j j w w

Notable instances of allophony:

  • /r/ is [ɾ] after consonants (e.g. γrămaț "language" [ɣɾəˈmats]);
  • /l/ is [ɫ] before consonants (e.g. mălpa "room" [ˈməɫpa]) and geminate /ll/ is [ɬː] (e.g. Arvallivăt [arˈvaɬːivət]).

Note that the Chlouvānem phoneme /ɴ̆/ l is typically adapted in Qualdomelic as /q/ word-initially and as /ŋ/ otherwise; however, in many Yunyalīlti religious words it is adapted as /l/.

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i i u u
High-mid e e ă ə o o
Low-mid ɛ ɔ
Low a a

Diphthongs are typically categorized depending on their first element:

  • a-: /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ aj aw
  • ɛ-: /ɛɪ̯ ɛʊ̯ ɛə̯/ ej ew eă
  • ɔ-: /ɔɪ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔə̯/ oj ow oă
  • ə-: /əɪ̯ əʊ̯/ ăj ăw
  • i-: /iə̯/
  • u-: /uə̯/

Hiatuses are usually permitted - see e.g. căiši "N/M.PL/F.PL of" /kəˈiʃi/, nănngiup "passage" /nəŋːiˈup/.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is phonemic and unmarked in the orthography. The most common position is on the penultimate (e.g. vẹfnăro "sleep" /vɛʊ̯ˈnəro/; cwalăš "apple" /ˈkwaləʃ/), but words ending in stops or affricates are usually stressed on the last syllable (e.g. γrămaț "language" /ɣrəˈmats/, ivulit "sea" /ivuˈlit/).

Compound stress is usually on the last element, but if the last element is stressed on the first syllable and the preceding element is stressed on the last, then the last syllable of the penultimate element is stressed - as in the toponym Arvallivăt /arˈvallivət/ from arvan /arˈvan/ "red" and livăt /ˈlivət/ "castle" (the latter among the few common words ending in a stop which are not stressed on the last syllable).

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

There are two mutations (căṛăwhăro /kəɽəˈfəro/) that influence the initial consonant, or the initial absence of a consonant, of a Qualdomelic word in the same noun phrase when after certain other words: the softening mutation (iă njențejbu niă găṛăwhăro) and the hardening mutation (iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro).

The softening mutation has the following effects:

  • p t k q → f s ch γ
  • b d g → v z γ
  • s z → h
  • f → ∅ (orth. fh)
  • v cw → w (orth. wh)[4]
  • h → ăh-
  • ț x → s z
  • (in internal saṃdhi only) C-V → CːV

The hardening mutation has the following effects:

  • p t k → b d g
  • ț → x
  • b d g → mm nn nng
  • s z → z ṛ (the latter orth. ṛz)
  • f → pf (if orth. whphw)
  • v → nwh /ŋw/
  • h → q (orth. qh)
  • j → nj
  • initial vowel → n-

Words that trigger the softening mutation are marked by a following ʰ (e.g. the feminine singular definite article taʰ), while those that trigger the hardening one are marked by a following (e.g. the neuter singular definite article iăⁿ). As "mutation" - căṛăwhăro is a neuter noun, in the names of both mutations we may clearly see how e.g. underlying iăⁿ uzwhăbjoăb-uⁿ iăⁿ căṛăwhăro becomes iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro.

For the internal saṃdhi softening mutation Cʰ-V → CːV, a good example is the word năaqappartut "republic", composed of nă-aqapʰ-artut (literally "large decision organization").

Morphology

Nouns

Qualdomelic nouns are uninflected, but number is among the information encoded by the article. There are four articles for each noun class: a singular, a plural, a "universal" article (translated with "all" in examples), and a "partitive" article (translated with "some" in examples). Their forms (and triggered mutations) vary:

Class Singular Plural Universal Partitive
Masculine toj tăjț toc ăso
Feminine taʰ tajγ tănc ăšiʰ
Neuter iăⁿ ing irăⁿ ăjuⁿ

Examples:

luăchwhjen /lu(ə̯)jen/ "book, a book" – toj luăchwhjen "the book" – tăjț luăchwhjen "the books" – toc luăchwhjen "all the books" – ăso luăchwhjen "some books"
biăm /biə̯m/ "tree, a tree" – ta viăm "the tree" – tajγ biăm "the trees" – tănc biăm "all the trees" – ăši viăm "some trees"
fendur /ˈfendur/ "day, a day" – iă pfendur "the day" – ing fendur "the days" – iră pfendur "all the days" – ăju pfendur "some days"

Note that articles are repeated before all elements in a noun phrase, e.g. ta whalăš ta arvan "the red apple", toc tiăda toc țigulic "all the calm mornings".

Possession

Possessed nouns are marked by a following postposition which varies according to the gender and number of the possessed noun. The masculine singular form is căd, the feminine singular one is ceda, while the one used for neuters and all plurals is căiši. This does not apply when the possessor is coincident with a third person pronoun, in which case there is a special suffix to use (see table below).

Some nouns, on the other hand, have a completely different possessed form and never use the possessive particle. The most common examples are camiuq "son" and camẹnă "daughter", which have the possessed forms jamwhaʰ "son of..." and jamhniʰ "daughter of...".

Pronominal possessive suffixes
Person/number Suffix Example
1SG -ur dẹljur "my house"
2SG -ed ronuqed "your sword"
3SG -(j)e fẹctăse "his/her window"
1PL incl. -uăre γăljẹuăre "our cat"
1PL excl. -erel whejnraerel "our city"
2PL -ăjde luăchwhjenăjde "your book"
3PL -ăjm mălpaăjm "their room"


Numerals

Modern Qualdomelic has a duodecimal number system because of Chlouvānem influence, which completely replaced the earlier, decimal one: only the roots from 1 to Ɛ, optionally 1012, and the old number 10010 (qọlbră, which nowadays is not a numeral anymore, but simply a noun meaning "a lot of", "a large quantity") survive. However, most numerals are hybrids of native roots (for the units) and Chlouvānem ones (for the dozens and other powers of 12).

As for types of numerals distinguished, Qualdomelic has cardinals, ordinals (analytic from Ɛ on; they double as fractionaries, with only ½ having a separate root), and distributives (analytic, formed by reduplication). Numbers from 1 to 5 also have adverbial numerals (once, twice, three times...).

Digit12 Base 10 Cardinal Ordinal Distributive Adverbial
0 0 axar (săga axar) (axar axar)
1 1 sọr samăt sọssọr saruman
2 2 nad năjen
(½: bănic)
nannad nămman
3 3 călẹt călẹtupsi călẹcălẹt călẹmman
4 4 iwhăs iwhățupsi iwhăssăs iwhățan
5 5 but burupsi but but burnan
6 6 tọja tojcupsi tọja tọja
7 7 seț sițecupsi seț seț
8 8 naz -eⁿ nazenupsi naze nnaz
9 9 kow kubrupsi kow kow
10 urăn ʰ urănupsi urăn urăn
Ɛ 11 urănțọr
(vẹngdeng)
săga urănțọr urănțọr urănțọr
10 12 mamej
(urănad)
săga mamej mamej mamej
11 13 sọr-u-mamej săga sọr-u-mamej sọssọr-u-mamej
12 14 nad-u-mamej săga nad-u-mamej nannad-u-mamej
13 15 călẹt-u-mamej săga călẹt-u-mamej călẹcălẹt-u-mamej
...
23 urănțọr-u-mamej săga urănțọr-u-mamej urănțọr urănțọr-u-mamej
20 24 naxamamej săga naxamamej naxamamej naxamamej

The roots axar (< ajrā), vẹngdeng (< vælden), and mamej (< māmei) in the table above are of clear Chlouvānem origin. The forms urănțọr and mamej are preferred to vẹngdeng and urănad, but the latter two can still be found sometimes.

The other dozens are:

30 (3610) călẹțemamej
40 (4810) iwhăšamamej
50 (6010) buțemamej
60 (7210) tọjoămamej
70 (8410) sețengmamej
80 (9610) nazengmamej
90 (10810) kọwhamamej
ᘔ0 (12010) urăngmamej
Ɛ0 (13210) vẹngdemamej
and 100 (14410) nichẹng.

Further numbers are simple juxtapositions, written as separate words, e.g. 10112 nichẹng sọr, 17912 nichẹng kow-u-sețengmamej, 20012 nad nichẹng, 8ᘔ5 naze nnichẹng but-u-urăngmamej, etc.
Higher numbers still follow the Chlouvānem system: 1.00012 is tingda; 1.00.00012 is a rajț; 1.00.00.00012 a qangărajț; 1.00.00.00.00012 a tăjskawț (or simply nichẹng qangărajț), and 1.00.00.00.00.000 a qangtăjskawț (or mamej tingda qangărajț).


Vocabulary

Imuniguro-Xenic stock

Qualdomelic is one of the main Imuniguro-Xenic languages, that is, those with a high number of Chlouvānem loans with regular sound correspondences (save for, in stress-timed Qualdomelic and Kuyugwazian, sporadic unstressed vowel reduction) and using Chlouvānem roots and words for building new words. This table shows the sound correspondences between Chlouvānem and Imuniguro-Xenic Qualdomelic:

Chlouvānem Qualdomelic
(early religious loans)
Qualdomelic
(Imuniguro-Xenic)
m m
n, ṇ n
ñ n nj
ng
p, ph p
t, th, ṭ, ṭh t
c, ch ț
k c c
kh ch
ɂ
ƾ q
b, bh b
d, dh, ḍ, ḍh d
j, jh x
g g g
gh γ
s s
∅ (as part of -Vs direct case endings)
ṣ, š š
h ch h (word-initially)
ch
∅ (as part of -Vh direct case endings)
ħ ch
v w
y j
r r
ṛ (before a retroflex consonant)
l l q (word-initially)
ng
i, į, ī i
u, ų, ū u
e, ę, ē e
ă (after a long vowel)
o o o
å
æ, ǣ
a, ą, ā a
ă (after a long vowel, and often when connecting two parts of a compound word; word-finally in -ah endings)
∅ (as part of -as endings)
ai, ąi aj
ăj (before or after a long vowel)
ei, ęi ej
oe
au, ąu aw
ăw (before or after a long vowel)
ṛ, ṝ

Note that Chlouvānem short vowels apart from a usually fall word-finally; note that word-final a is not reduced to ă after a long vowel. Some examples of Imuniguro-Xenic vocabulary:

  • yunyalīltajunjălilta (Yunyalīlta)
  • lillamurḍhyālilamuṛdjá (Lillamurḍhyā)
  • lārvājuṣalarwaxuša (Yunyalīlti temple)
  • līvasqiw (apartment)
  • ṣarivāṇašariwana, rare alt. šarăwana (State)
  • haloe (name) → hangoă (signature)
  • juṃšañāñaxungšanjanja (diocese)
  • ṣramāṇašăramana (province)
  • maišildāryaimajšildarjăj (exhibition grounds) (pl. tantum in Chl., sing. in Quald.)
  • kamelšītahkamengšită (hall)
  • jānilšeidahxaningšejdă (legion)
  • dhurvālāṇadurwangana (police)
  • pahēšhānīpachešchaní (Liturgical College)

Time

See also: Chlouvānem calendar

The modern Qualdomelic calendar, as well as time reckoning, is essentially the same as the Chlouvānem one.

The fourteen months (asenă) of the year are:

  1. mangdaparnaj (Māltapārṇāvi)
  2. canămpraț (Kanamiprātas)
  3. pandăngaš (Pāṇḍalañši)
  4. canămmaj (Kanamimaila)
  5. muqqase (Murkāsena)
  6. bušpraț (Būṃṣprātas)
  7. qangjan (Lalyāñaiṭa)
  8. brawsase (Brausāsena)
  9. chejra (Mailaheirah)
  10. ajamja (Ñariāyāmyah)
  11. băjvavăm (Bhaivyāvammi)
  12. ilamjase (Īlāmyasena)
  13. hẹngvjase (Hælvyāsena)
  14. țamirada (Camirādhās)

The main divisions of time are:

English Qualdomelic Equivalent to rough Earthly approximation
Year šlăwhelẹc 418 Calemerian days 609.6 Earth days
Day fendur 2812 (3210) hours ~35 hours
Hour garăn 3 naxamamăljo
6012 (7210) răng
~65 min ~37 sec
group of "minutes" naxamamăljo 2012 (2410) răng ~21 min ~52 sec
"Minute" răng (base unit) ~54.6805 sec
"Second" namišoă 1/4012 (1/4810) răng ~1.8986 sec
1/12 of a "second" (namišoă ceda) săgămamej 1/1012 (1/1210) namišoă ~0.1582 sec
1/144 of a "second" (namišoă ceda) săgănichẹng 1/10012 (1/14410) namišoă ~0.0131 sec
1/1728 of a "second" (namišoă ceda) săgătingda 1/100012 (1/172810) namišoă ~1.0987 ms

The whole territory of Qualdomailor lies in time zone LIL−3 (AKA Qualdomelic Time), that is, three hours behind the reference meridian of Līlasuṃghāṇa, capital of the Inquisition. In the Cerian/Western standard, this time zone is noted as CER+9:53′40″10 - about 9¾ hours ahead of the Western reference meridian of Mánébodin, capital of Ceria.


Notes

  1. ^ Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.
  2. ^ Then still spelled "Kalémere".
  3. ^ The final stretch of the Ọrăisărpiq river (in Chl. Årayīsarpīka ga maita), after the canyons, also marks a small section of the border between Qualdomailor and the Chlouvānem Inquisition.
  4. ^ Mutated wh represents /w/, but the same digraph represents /f/ when occurring in roots, e.g. in whădoț [fəˈdots] "to see".