Lakovic languages

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic languages/Sketchbook

Lakovic
Created by	–
Geographic distribution	Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classification	One of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-language	Proto-Lakovic
Subdivisions	Ashanic Western Bjeheondian Tumhanian Etalocian Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar

some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic

an ergative Lakovic language

a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system

A tricons Lakovic lang

• the VN infix ⟨i⟩~⟨y⟩
• umlaut with various suffixes that disappear

Phylogeny

Proto-Lakovic

• Ashanic
  • Classical Windermere
    • Modern Windermere
    • Sătmașian
    • Trây
    • Pradiul
  • Ferlitian
• Tseezhic
  • Classical Tseer
    • Modern Tseer
  • Tsjωnz
• Häskä
• Pfiunic
  • Tsăloșian
  • Pfiunian (Pseudo-Swiss German)
• Tumhanic
  • Schong
  • Æ
  • Wiebian
• Eta-Lakovic
  • vaguely Indonesian/AN languages
• Txapoallian Lakovic
  • Ejective-y, tonal language
• Tsrovesh
• Zoomic
  • !Zoom

Proto-Lakovic phonology

vaguely Proto-Semitic/Algonquian/Georgian

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Domed	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Laryngeal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /ɡ/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/		ʔ /ʔ/
Affricate			c /t͡s/	ć /t͡ʂ/	č /t͡ʃ/
Fricative			s /s/	ś /ʂ/	š /ʃ/	x /x/		H
Resonant		w /w/	l /l/	r /r/	y /j/

Vowels

i u e o ä a

Syllabic ṃ ṇ ŋ ḷ ṛ

There is some disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.

Phonotactics

Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots

Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel. They displayed schwebeablaut:

• biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and VCC.
• triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC and CVCC.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g.

• lakof 'person' > *laklakof 'people'
• ptek 'body' > pteptek 'bodies' (Simplification of clusters in the reduplicant: *teptek occurs in some dialects.)

There was a feminine clitic =is.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.

Pronouns

All branches of Lakovic have evidence for the following pronouns:

• *riH = I
• *baŋ = we (dual inclusive)
• *śen = thou (m)
• *śens = thou (f)
• *ʔin = he
• *ʔins = she

Plural pronouns cannot be reconstructed in PLak.

Verbs and adjectives

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.

There was a feminine prefix, wa-.

• ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
• PLak: ⟨iHt⟩ = locative trigger

Derivational morphology

• ⟨-s⟩: feminine
  • Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
• ⟨ṛ⟩ prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
  • Ashanic *⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩, ⟨năr/măr⟩
• ⟨ay⟩ = nominalization
• b- = agentive
  • Wdm. pă- (not productive)
  • Tseer ba-
• ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
• t- = denominal verbs, causative
  • Wdm. th- (not productive)
• lä- = verbalizer
• ʔu- = intensive
  • Wdm. th-u-
• ya- = adjectivizer; from ya 'with'
  • Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
• ⟨ʔ⟩ = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
  • not productive in Wdm

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

• ptek 'body'
• lakof = human, person
• ṛ-: nonvolitional
  • Wdm -ră-, -năr-
• tkä 'to go'
  • Proto-Ashanic àrtka < ṛ-tkä
    • Windermere răchta 'to die'
    • Tseer thaka 'to go'
    • Tsjoen tjo
• PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. csie 'star'
• PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'bark'
• PAsh ʔmä
  • Wdm. ăma
• PAsh ʔeb
  • Wdm. ep
• PLak ḷban
  • PAsh àlbon 'water'
    • Wdm. blon
    • Tseer olban, Modern nban
  • Häskä əlfon
• PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
  • Tsrovesh dvmazh
  • PAsh dàrmày
    • Wdm. trămäy
• PAsh madaŋs 'struggle, war'
  • Wdm.mătäng 'war'
• PLak žän
  • PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
    • Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
      • Schong jahn
      • Æ jov?
    • Wdm. șän
• PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
  • PAsh àlgan
    • Wdm. glan 'straight'
    • Tseer ookhan
• ʔopor 'high'
  • Wdm. ăfur 'noble'
  • Tseer ofor 'high'

Numbers

aHdan, aHrät, atsiw, amsHäk, amsHut

some reflexes of 1, 2 based on *Hadna and *Härta