Verse:Lõis/Sketchbook

Sprachbünde

Levant

English, Togarmite, Naušahri, Padmanābha and Levantine Mixolydian

Eastern Europe

Modern Galatian, Cubrite and Ăn Yidiș

British

An Inuit language, a Corded Ware language, and Qivattu

• Phonological features inspired by Proto-Inuit -> Greenlandic sound changes
• Evidentiality
• (Split) ergativity

Paleo-Iranian

Old Palkhan, Old Harappan and pre-Naušahri

Features: retroflex consonants

Southeast Asia

Heleasic, Far East Semitic, Eastern Mixolydian

Himalayas

Sino-Tiberian, L-Tibetan

Northeast Asia

Tyrith, Siészal and Xeno-Mandarin

Ethio-IE and Ethio-Semitic

Ethio-IE: Mitanni

Ethio-Semitic: Togarmite

Paḷkhan

Inspired by Kannada, Marathi and Latin

Incorporate words from BMAC

Proto-Palkhan -> Palkhan has an almost consistent stress shift to the second syllable causing the first syllable to get elided; this creates the retroflex-dental clusters and wreaks havoc with the morphology if there happen to be prefixes

the place name "Paḷkha" should be related to Balkh/Bactria

separate words for numbers from 1 to 99

Indian grammatical tradition

Includes historical linguistics?

Polish Azalic

Inspired by Scots and Yiddish

Mixolydian

Spoken in: Italy, Albania, the Levant, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Australia

From PIE; t d dh -> tʰ d t

Inspirations: Baltic, Albanian

PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.

• Proto-Mixolydian (tentative name): avī yasmī vilnō ne estʰ, sa ečʰvą̄s derčitʰ. sa girrų vačą večetʰ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āčʰu peretʰ. (to thematize)
  • Old Nomadic Mixolydian (with Grassmann followed by Grimm): avyō yōs rōdai vilnō ne est, ešvą̄s vaide, smą girvą vačą večenθį, smą mēǰą parą; θu smą nērą āšu perenθį.
    • Levantine Mixolydian: contributed some words to English
  • Classical Mixolydian ("tentum" language, with Grassmann): avyō, kʰō vilnǭ ne tare, retʰvą̄s vaide, mą girvą vaθą veθei, mą mēðą perą veθei; tʰu mą nērą kʰirsvą perei. Greek transcription: αϝιώ, χώ ϝιλνώμ νε ταρε, ρεθϝάμς ϝαιδε. μαμ γιρρυμ ϝαϸαμ ϝεϸει, μαμ μέζαμ περαμ ϝεϸει, θυ μαμ νέραμ χιρσϝαμ περει.
    • Indian Mixolydian
  • Eastern Mixolydian (a substrate for Heleasic)

Orthography

A native logography in addition to the Greek alphabet

Verbs

between Greek and Lithuanian

mediopassive marked with -i

Declension

• wolf: wilkʰas, wilkʰą, wilkʰasya, wilkʰai, wilkʰātʰ, wilkʰai; wilkʰą̄s, wilkʰās, wilkʰą̄, wilkʰamas, wilkʰamis, wilkʰasu
• seed: tanō, tanǭ, tanōs, tanōi, tanōtʰ, tanōi; tanōs, tanǭs, tanōwą̄, tanōmas, tanōmis, tanōsu
• chair: selwą, selwą, selwasya, selwai, selwātʰ, selwai; selwō, selwō, selwą̄, selwamas, selwamis, selwasu
• i-stems (extremely uncommon)

The neuter gender merges into the masculine in Classical Mixolydian. Levantine Mixolydian around the 10th century is about as analytic as Hindi.

Morphosyntax

Mixolydian has the accusative and infinitive construction found in Latin and Ancient Greek, and in Classical and Levantine Mixolydian the accusative and infinitive construction by itself is the most common way of expressing the optative.

Lexicon

ρεθϝας means 'horse' in Classical and reθwas means 'wheel' in Nomadic

smas/ainas, dwā, tʰrīs, kʰetʰwār, pʰenkʰe, swečʰs, septʰį, ačtʰau, nawį, dečʰį -> Classical mas/ainas, dvā, tʰrīs, ketʰvār, penkʰe, vetʰs, septʰį, attʰau, navį, detʰį

Levantine: en, dva, θri, kaθar, peng, xweš, seft, ašt, nò, deš (20: wišt?)

dūras: faint, soft (drifted from "distant")

leupyą (Nomadic): hobby (calqued from Old Togarmite)

Levantine Mixolydian

some kind of "Balkan Sprachbund Hindi"? (Balkan grammar and Hindi syntax)

Old Nomadic Mixolydian had a very simple declension system, merging the accusative with the nominative and the locative with the dative:

nom, gen, dat, abl

• vilxa, vilxas, vilxē, vilxaθ; vilxas, vilxa, vilxam, vilxam
• tano, tanos, tanī, tanoθ; tanos, tano, tanom, tanom

Levantine Mixolydian went even further, dropping the -a ending and gender agreement:

nom, obl

• vilx, vilxe; vilxas, vilxam
• tano, tani; tanos, tanom

The oblique case is used as an ergative in perfect tenses.

Verbs

Due to Levantine Mixolydian being a peripheral member of the Levantine sprachbund, there are a few occasional similarities between its verbal system and English's, but also some differences:

• The simple past tense is split-ergative and has a perfective aspect. The original Old Mixolydian past tense became a subjunctive.
• The optative is formed just like the present tense but with the infinitive instead of the conjugated verb; it derives from the Old Mixolydian accusative and infinitive construction which is also present in Levantine Mixolydian.
• There is a distinction between simple present and progressive as in English. The past progressive is used as a general imperfective past tense. Do-support is common for emphasis.

Lexicon

horse: eš
wheel: reθu
language: verdan

Euro-Harappan languages

something spoken in Iran

Welsh-Tamil aesthetic hybrid

• gwiriṇ - rice