8,631
edits
Linguifex will be changing authoritative nameservers for the domain this weekend (3-5 jan 2025), the change has been carefully planned to not cause any outages, but there is always a risk of disruption. This is part of the 2025 improvement program to beef up Linguifex to be faster, snappier and less prone to outages. |
m (→Name) |
mNo edit summary |
||
(5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
: | : {{distinguish|text= the [[Lakovic languages]]}} | ||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| name = Lahob | | name = Lahob | ||
Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
** ''Tłašnelek languages'', spoken in the northwest of the Koitrûx peninsula as well as some isolated coastal communities further north and west, both on Gurdugal and on the Márusúturonian mainland. | ** ''Tłašnelek languages'', spoken in the northwest of the Koitrûx peninsula as well as some isolated coastal communities further north and west, both on Gurdugal and on the Márusúturonian mainland. | ||
* ''Chlouvānem languages'' (or ''Imuniguronian languages''), including [[Chlouvānem]] and all of its descendants, which is the most spoken and widespread branch, counting for nearly the entirety of all Lahob speakers. | * ''Chlouvānem languages'' (or ''Imuniguronian languages''), including [[Chlouvānem]] and all of its descendants, which is the most spoken and widespread branch, counting for nearly the entirety of all Lahob speakers. | ||
** The Chlouvānem (or Imuniguronian) branch is traditionally divided into three sub-branches: Northern Imuniguronian, Southern Imuniguronian, and Mūltarhāveyi, the third of which has only recently been recognized as a stand-alone branch, as it was formerly considered a third subdivision of Northern Imuniguronian. Southern Imuniguronian is formed by Chlouvānem, Ancient Western Chlouvānem, and all of their descendants (the majority of Lahob vernaculars of the Inquisition which are not creoles); it is the only branch which has been attested since ancient times. Northern Imuniguronian and Mūltarhāveyi together include eleven vernacular languages spoken in the northwestern corner of the Plain and in the highlands of Mūltarhāvi; these languages have remained unwritten until the early Consolidation Era and have had a large influence from non-Lahob languages of the area as well as from Classical Chlouvānem and share many areal features with the Southern Imuniguronian Khalmāṣi languages (or Northwestern Plain vernaculars), one of the daughter branches of Chlouvānem; these features have long made it difficult to recognize them as distinct branches. Like the majority of vernaculars of the Inquisition, these languages are only ever written in informal settings and exist in a state of diglossia with Standard Chlouvānem. ''Boxʷǝḷ'' (''bālši'' in Chl.), a Northern Imuniguronian language of the Sarēdī group, mostly spoken in Dāhuṭrijaiṭa, is by far the most spoken one, with about two million native speakers. | |||
The Lahob family is one of many language families - including the unrelated Kenengyry and Samaidulic families, as well as various not better classified isolates - that most likely originated in the area of Márusúturon between the Carpan and the Skyrdegan seas, roughly between 30° and 40°N. The Urheimat of Proto-Lahob speakers is thought to be either the western shore of the High Ivulit (i.e. modern day Leñ-ṱef or Ebed-dowa) or the area around the Little Ivulit (today southern Leñ-ṱef, Līnajaiṭa, or southern Qualdomailor). From there, the Lahob peoples mainly expanded northwards, up to the taiga of northern Márusúturon, except for a few tribes (notably the Ur-Chlouvānem) who migrated southeastwards, into the Nīmbaṇḍhāra-Lāmberah plain. In most of this area, however, Lahob languages were replaced by the later spread first of Samaidulic and then of Kenengyry languages, so that practically all non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages are spoken in the Northern Márusúturonian taiga, along the Orcish Straits.<br/> | The Lahob family is one of many language families - including the unrelated Kenengyry and Samaidulic families, as well as various not better classified isolates - that most likely originated in the area of Márusúturon between the Carpan and the Skyrdegan seas, roughly between 30° and 40°N. The Urheimat of Proto-Lahob speakers is thought to be either the western shore of the High Ivulit (i.e. modern day Leñ-ṱef or Ebed-dowa) or the area around the Little Ivulit (today southern Leñ-ṱef, Līnajaiṭa, or southern Qualdomailor). From there, the Lahob peoples mainly expanded northwards, up to the taiga of northern Márusúturon, except for a few tribes (notably the Ur-Chlouvānem) who migrated southeastwards, into the Nīmbaṇḍhāra-Lāmberah plain. In most of this area, however, Lahob languages were replaced by the later spread first of Samaidulic and then of Kenengyry languages, so that practically all non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages are spoken in the Northern Márusúturonian taiga, along the Orcish Straits.<br/> | ||
The Ur-Chlouvānem eventually settled in the far southern part of the Plains, where they intermixed with the local populations, forming a distinct ethnicity whose main connection with the other Lahob peoples is linguistic rather than genetic. Eventually the Chlouvānem language, | The Ur-Chlouvānem eventually settled in the far southern part of the Plains, where they intermixed with the local populations, forming a distinct ethnicity whose main connection with the other Lahob peoples is linguistic rather than genetic. Eventually the Chlouvānem language, one of only two attested ancient Lahob languages<ref>The other ancient Lahob language to be attested is Western Ancient Chlouvānem (or WAC), which is however extremely closely related to Chlouvānem so that many scholars consider them to be two divergent dialects of the same language; in fact, the two languages only diverged from Ur-Chlouvānem after the migration into the Plain, and they had varying degrees of mutual intelligibility while they were spoken first languages. WAC itself was replaced in official usage by Chlouvānem (albeit much more slowly than unrelated languages of other Chlouvānemized territories), and the present-day Southwestern Plain vernaculars, daughter languages of WAC, still use Classical Chlouvānem as their lingua franca.</ref>, became the liturgical language of the [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlta]], which led it to be spread across all of Márusúturon and become, as of today, the most spoken language of the planet. | ||
By number of native speakers, they are the second-largest on the planet (just slightly behind the mostly Védrenian [[Yombu-Raina languages]]), however the vast majority of Lahob speakers speak a language belonging to the Chlouvānem branch.<br/> | By number of native speakers, they are the second-largest on the planet (just slightly behind the mostly Védrenian [[Yombu-Raina languages]]), however the vast majority of Lahob speakers speak a language belonging to the Chlouvānem branch.<br/> | ||
Line 385: | Line 386: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *juɟ-om || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-iwā || rowspan=2 | *juɟ- | | *juɟ-om || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-iwā || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-om-k || yujam || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk || yiž || yižuk || sur || susung | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
Line 425: | Line 426: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *tūl-u-m || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-iwā || rowspan=2 | *tūl- | | *tūl-u-m || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-iwā || rowspan=2 | *tūl-um-k || tūlum || rowspan=2 | tūlvivā || rowspan=2 | tūlūk || || || tuł || tułung | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| *tūl-w-e || tūlve || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-w-e || tūlve || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=3 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-u || *tūl-w-es || *tūl-u-jir || tūlumu || tūlves || tūluyih | | *tūl-u-m-u || *tūl-w-es || *tūl-u-jir || tūlumu || tūlves || tūluyih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| *tūl-u-go || *tūl-w-ēn || *tūl-u-m-ūn || tūluga || tūlvyan || tūlumūn || rowspan=2 | | *tūl-u-go || *tūl-w-ēn || *tūl-u-m-ūn || tūluga || tūlvyan || tūlumūn || rowspan=2 | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-i || *tūl-w-ajwo || *tūl-u-m-nān || tūlumi || tūlveva || tūluṃrān || || || | | *tūl-u-m-i || *tūl-w-ajwo || *tūl-u-m-nān || tūlumi || tūlveva || tūluṃrān || || tułume || tułunä | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| *tūl-u-m-op || rowspan=3 | *tūl-u-bʱan || *tūl-um-nīko || tūlumap || rowspan=3 | tūlubhan || tūluṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-u-m-op || rowspan=3 | *tūl-u-bʱan || *tūl-um-nīko || tūlumap || rowspan=3 | tūlubhan || tūluṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Exessive | ! Exessive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-ot || *tūl-u-mōn || tūlumat || tūlumān | | *tūl-u-m-ot || *tūl-u-mōn || tūlumat || tūlumān | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-ux || *tūl-w-ajnits || tūlumų || tūlvenīs | | *tūl-u-m-ux || *tūl-w-ajnits || tūlumų || tūlvenīs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-on || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-ix || *tūl-u-nt || tūluman || rowspan=2 | tūlvį || tūlūt | | *tūl-u-m-on || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-ix || *tūl-u-nt || tūluman || rowspan=2 | tūlvį || tūlūt | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-awm || *tūl-u-m-sām || tūlumom || tūluṃsām || || | | *tūl-u-m-awm || *tūl-u-m-sām || tūlumom || tūluṃsām || || || tułumaw || tułusä | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-x || rowspan=2 | *tūl-u-nne || *tūl-u-gem || tūlų || rowspan=2 | tūlunne || tūlugem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-u-m-x || rowspan=2 | *tūl-u-nne || *tūl-u-gem || tūlų || rowspan=2 | tūlunne || tūlugem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-n(j)aj || *tūl-u-ʕīm || tūluṃrye || tūlulīm | | *tūl-u-m-n(j)aj || *tūl-u-ʕīm || tūluṃrye || tūlulīm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | i-stems | ! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | i-stems | ||
Line 465: | Line 466: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *sgāt-i-m || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-iwā || rowspan=2 | *sgāt- | | *sgāt-i-m || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-iwā || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-im-k || ṛgātim || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīvā || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīk || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
Line 559: | Line 560: | ||
Like most modern Lahob languages - Chlouvānem is, this time, the exception - the Proto-Lahob second person pronouns distinguished natural gender both in the singular and in the plural; while all plural pronouns have vanished from Chlouvānem (though the 2PL feminine one's direct and genitive cases only are attested in Archaic Chlouvānem), the feminine singular is reflected as the formal superior and the masculine singular as the formal inferior. Some Kenaywanic languages, as e.g. Łōpian, have also simplified the system by only retaining the originally masculine forms.<br/> | Like most modern Lahob languages - Chlouvānem is, this time, the exception - the Proto-Lahob second person pronouns distinguished natural gender both in the singular and in the plural; while all plural pronouns have vanished from Chlouvānem (though the 2PL feminine one's direct and genitive cases only are attested in Archaic Chlouvānem), the feminine singular is reflected as the formal superior and the masculine singular as the formal inferior. Some Kenaywanic languages, as e.g. Łōpian, have also simplified the system by only retaining the originally masculine forms.<br/> | ||
The dual forms may not be reliably reconstructed (as anywhere in Proto-Lahob morphology) because Chlouvānem is the only attested Lahob language with a dual form (excluding a few of its daughter languages). | The dual forms may not be reliably reconstructed (as anywhere in Proto-Lahob morphology) because Chlouvānem is the only attested Lahob language with a dual form (excluding a few of its daughter languages, as well as closely related Western Ancient Chlouvānem). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 900: | Line 901: | ||
** Lāltaṣveyi vernacular: ''li pamb dôltô zuld.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆i ˌpamb ˈdɔɴ̆tɔ ˈzuɴ̆d]}} | ** Lāltaṣveyi vernacular: ''li pamb dôltô zuld.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆i ˌpamb ˈdɔɴ̆tɔ ˈzuɴ̆d]}} | ||
** Lāmberhāti vernacular: ''lil pamf dôlt julôd.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iw̃ ˌpaɱf ˈdɔɴ̆t ˈdʒuɴ̆ɔð̞]}} | ** Lāmberhāti vernacular: ''lil pamf dôlt julôd.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iw̃ ˌpaɱf ˈdɔɴ̆t ˈdʒuɴ̆ɔð̞]}} | ||
* Western Ancient Chlouvānem: ''(lilǝ) pāmbǝyu dartu yūrwåǝtǝ'' {{IPA|*[ɴ̆iɴ̆ǝ päːmbǝju därtu juːrwɔʊ̯tǝ]}} <small>''(reconstructed pronunciation)''</small> | |||
''Central Lahobic languages'' | ''Central Lahobic languages'' | ||
* Łohofál: ''ngi yułot feng dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬɔt fɛŋ ˈdɔɬit]}} | * Łohofál: ''ngi yułot feng dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬɔt fɛŋ ˈdɔɬit]}} |
edits