単亜語
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| Dan'a'yo | |
|---|---|
| 単亜語 | |
 | |
| Writing | w:新字体 |
| Region: | w:East Asia |
| Genders: | 0 |
| Cases: | 0 |
| Proto-language: | w:Sinosphere |
| Typology: | Analytic |
| Word-Order | SVO |
| Languages: | w:Korean language,
w:Japanese language, w:Chinese language w:Vietnamese language |
| Population: | 1500 million |
| Flag of Dan'a'yo | |
|
Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL | |
単亜語 is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the East Asian cultural sphere. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the shinjitai (新字体) standards of Japan. The Latin alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.
Phonology
単亜語 has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.
| Consonants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |
| Aspirates | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/ | k /kʰ/ |
| Voiced | b /b~p/ | d /d~t/ | j /dʑ~tɕ/ | g /g~k/ |
| Fricatives | s /s ~ ɕ/ | h /h ~ ɦ ~ x/ | ||
| Sonorants | w/w/ | l /l ~ ɾ/ | y/j/ | |
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
| Vowels | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i /i ~ ɪ/ | u /u ~ ɯ/ | |
| Mid | e /e ~ e̞/ | o /o ~ o̞/ | |
| Low | a /a ~ ä/ | ||
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
Phonotactics
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, p, t, k, m, n, or ng..
Syntax
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. 単亜語 tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic V2 word order.
| Relationship | Particle | English | Mandarin | Cantonese | Japanese | Korean | Vietnamese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic | as for | - | - | は wa | 은/는 (n)ǔn | cái | ||
| Vocative | 哉 jai | |||||||
| Dative | 于 | to | - | - | に ni | 에게 ege | đến | |
| Genitive | 之 ji | of | 的 de | 嘅 ge | の no | 의 ǔi | của | |
| Instrumental | 以 i | by | 用 yòng | 用 yung6 | で de | 로/으로 ro/ǔro | ||
| Locative | 於 o | in, on, at | 在 zài | 喺 hai2 | に ni | 에 e | ||
| Comitative | 共 kou | together with | ||||||
| Assoc. Pl. | 等 tonu | et. al. | 們 men | 哋 dei6 | たち tachi | 들 tǔl | ||
| Perfective | 已 i | -ed | 了 le | 咗 jo2 | た/だ ta/da | 았/었 att/ǒtt | đã | |
| Progressive | 中 tung | -ing | 아/어 a/ǒ | |||||
| Subjunctive | 若 nyak | may | ||||||
| Nominalizer | 物 mut | -ed | ||||||
| Nominalizer | 事 ji | -ing | ||||||
| Adnominalizer | 之 ji | |||||||
| Adverbializer | 様 yang | -ly | ||||||
| NP And | 与 o | and | ||||||
| VP And | 而 ni | and | ||||||
Sentence Final Particles
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Casual | First | 我 | 我ト |
| Second | 汝 | 汝ト | |
| Third | 彼人 | 彼人ト | |
Classifiers
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.
| Classifier | Use |
|---|---|
| 人 nin | people (general) |
| 名 menu | people (polite) |
| 台 tai | machines (computers, cars, etc) |
| 匹 pitu | animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc) |
| 冊 jaku | books, magazines, etc |
| 杯 pei | cups of some drink |
| 枚 mei | flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc) |
| 条 teu | long objects (pencils, noodles, etc) |
| 間 kan | periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc) |
| 個 ka | anything else |
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
| Determiner | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 蛙 wa | amphibians | |
| 鳥 teu | birds | Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu |
| 魚 o | fish | nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o |
| 虫 tunu | invertebrates | |
| 獣 siu | mammals | |
| 龍 lonu | reptiles | tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lonu |
| 花 hua | flowers | |
| 草 jau | grass | |
| 木 moku | trees, bushes | |
| 服 puku | clothes | kimono キモノ服 kimono-puku |
| 飯 puen | meals | bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen |
Demonstratives and indefinite
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ji-, 其 ki-, and 彼 pi- series. The 此 ji- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ki- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 pi- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ha-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
| Proximal (此 ji-) |
Mesial (其 ki-) |
Distal (彼 pi-) |
Interrogative (何 ha-) |
Negative (無 miu-) |
Universal (毎 mei-) |
Assertive existential (某 mou) |
Elective existential (? ?) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective | 此 ji this |
其 ki that |
彼 pi that over there |
何 ha what |
無 miu no |
毎 mei every |
某 mou some |
any |
| Thing (物 -mutu) | 此物 jimutu this one |
其物 kimutu that one |
彼物 pimutu that one over there |
何物 hamutu which one |
無物 miumutu nothing |
毎物 meimutu everything |
某物 moumutu something |
anything |
| Person (人 -nin) | 此人 jinin this person |
其人 kinin that person |
彼人 pinin that person over there |
何人 hanin who |
無人 miunin nobody |
毎人 meinin everybody |
某人 mounin somebody |
anybody |
| Place (処 -jo) | 此処 jijo here |
其処 kijo there |
彼処 pijo over there |
何処 hajo where |
無処 miujo nowhere |
毎処 meijo everywhere |
某処 moujo somewhere |
anywhere |
| Time (時 -) | 此時 jisi now |
其時 kisi then |
彼時 pisi at that other time |
何時 hasi when |
無時 miusi never |
毎時 meisi always |
某時 mousi sometime |
anytime |
| Manner (様 -yanu) | 此様 jiyanu in this manner |
其様 kiyanu in that manner |
彼様 piyanu in that other manner |
何様 hayanu how |
某様 mouyanu somehow |
|||
| Quantity (多 -ta) | 此多 jita this many / much |
其多 kita that many / much |
彼多 pita in that other quantity |
何多 hata how many / much |
||||
| Kind (-chi) | like this |
like that |
like that other kind |
what kind of |
||||
| Reason (因 -in) | 何因 hain why |
Lexica
Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000. Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own. Characters which are not words have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character. Every character (in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have every been used) is assigned to one of _ categories: Common, Advanced, Name, Illegal, and Alternate. Alternates are unacceptable versions of legitimate character. Illegal characters can never be used at all. Name characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names. Advanced character should only be used after the are introduced and defined. Common characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning.
Grade 1
一, 七, 万, 三, 上, 下, 与, 世, 両, 中, 主, 之, 九, 事, 二, 于, 五, 交, 人, 今, 他, 休, 会, 住, 何, 作, 使, 元, 先, 入, 全, 八, 六, 内, 冬, 出, 刀, 分, 前, 力, 動, 北, 十, 千, 午, 半, 南, 友, 口, 右, 号, 名, 向, 君, 和, 哉, 問, 四, 回, 国, 圓, 土, 地, 場, 声, 売, 夏, 外, 多, 夜, 大, 天, 太, 女, 妹, 姉, 子, 字, 学, 家, 宿, 対, 小, 少, 山, 左, 已, 市, 年, 幸, 度, 庭, 弟, 当, 彼, 後, 心, 思, 急, 想, 意, 所, 手, 才, 打, 持, 指, 放, 教, 数, 文, 新, 於, 族, 日, 早, 明, 春, 晴, 書, 月, 有, 朝, 木, 本, 村, 東, 林, 某, 校, 根, 森, 業, 橋, 次, 歌, 正, 死, 母, 毎, 毛, 気, 水, 注, 活, 流, 海, 深, 湖, 漢, 火, 灯, 点, 父, 牛, 犬, 玉, 王, 生, 用, 田, 男, 画, 病, 発, 白, 百, 皆, 目, 相, 真, 着, 知, 短, 石, 研, 秋, 究, 空, 立, 章, 竹, 第, 筆, 等, 算, 米, 糸, 紙, 細, 緑, 羊, 習, 耳, 肉, 育, 船, 花, 苦, 草, 薬, 虫, 行, 表, 西, 見, 記, 話, 語, 読, 談, 買, 走, 起, 足, 路, 車, 軽, 農, 近, 送, 通, 進, 道, 遠, 都, 酒, 里, 重, 金, 長, 門, 開, 間, 集, 雨, 雪, 雲, 電, 青, 音, 頗, 頭, 顔, 風, 馬, 高, 魚, 黄, 黒
Grade 2
不, 久, 乎, 乗, 争, 京, 代, 以, 伝, 位, 低, 例, 便, 信, 個, 借, 停, 備, 億, 兄, 光, 児, 公, 共, 兵, 典, 再, 冷, 列, 初, 別, 利, 功, 加, 労, 勇, 勝, 化, 医, 単, 印, 危, 収, 取, 古, 句, 各, 合, 同, 告, 唱, 図, 固, 在, 坐, 城, 基, 堂, 報, 増, 士, 変, 失, 好, 守, 完, 官, 定, 室, 害, 察, 将, 就, 屋, 展, 岩, 島, 己, 布, 希, 席, 帰, 常, 干, 平, 広, 店, 建, 弓, 引, 弱, 強, 形, 往, 待, 従, 得, 忘, 快, 念, 悲, 情, 愛, 成, 我, 戦, 戸, 技, 投, 挙, 接, 推, 支, 改, 政, 故, 救, 敗, 散, 料, 方, 旧, 昨, 時, 晩, 暑, 暖, 暗, 最, 望, 期, 未, 来, 松, 果, 栄, 案, 植, 極, 楽, 樹, 止, 此, 歩, 歴, 殺, 比, 民, 氷, 永, 求, 決, 河, 油, 治, 洗, 浅, 清, 満, 漁, 無, 然, 熱, 爾, 片, 物, 特, 現, 理, 産, 由, 留, 番, 登, 的, 皮, 直, 省, 看, 破, 示, 祖, 祝, 神, 科, 移, 種, 窓, 童, 競, 笑, 答, 節, 約, 紅, 終, 給, 続, 線, 練, 美, 義, 老, 考, 聞, 能, 脚, 自, 興, 舎, 良, 色, 芸, 英, 莫, 菜, 落, 葉, 血, 街, 衣, 要, 親, 観, 角, 計, 訪, 設, 試, 詩, 誤, 説, 課, 調, 講, 謝, 議, 谷, 豆, 豊, 貨, 責, 貴, 赤, 身, 軍, 追, 退, 速, 連, 運, 過, 達, 適, 選, 部, 野, 量, 鉄, 銀, 銭, 関, 難, 静, 非, 面, 順, 題, 願, 類, 飛, 飯, 養, 首, 鳥, 鳴, 麦, 鼻
Grade 3
丁, 且, 丙, 乙, 也, 乾, 井, 令, 仮, 但, 体, 余, 佛, 佳, 価, 係, 俗, 保, 修, 倍, 偉, 傷, 充, 其, 冊, 写, 凡, 凶, 判, 到, 則, 助, 効, 勉, 務, 勢, 勤, 勧, 匹, 協, 即, 卵, 厚, 原, 厳, 又, 及, 反, 叔, 受, 只, 可, 吹, 味, 呼, 命, 哀, 品, 商, 喪, 困, 園, 均, 執, 堅, 墨, 壮, 夕, 如, 妻, 始, 姓, 威, 婚, 婦, 存, 季, 孫, 宅, 宇, 安, 宗, 宙, 実, 客, 容, 密, 富, 寒, 寸, 寺, 寿, 射, 尚, 尤, 尺, 尽, 局, 居, 崇, 川, 工, 巨, 巻, 帝, 幾, 序, 式, 張, 律, 徒, 復, 徳, 必, 忍, 忙, 応, 忠, 怒, 性, 恨, 息, 悟, 患, 悦, 悪, 惜, 愁, 感, 慶, 憶, 房, 扶, 承, 抱, 招, 拝, 拾, 授, 採, 探, 揚, 敢, 整, 敵, 斗, 旅, 既, 易, 星, 是, 昼, 暴, 曲, 更, 曽, 朋, 服, 末, 朴, 杯, 柔, 柳, 栽, 様, 権, 歓, 武, 歯, 歳, 氏, 江, 沖, 波, 泳, 洋, 洞, 浄, 浪, 浮, 浴, 涼, 混, 渇, 減, 湯, 潔, 為, 烈, 煙, 猶, 球, 瓦, 甘, 甚, 甲, 申, 界, 異, 皇, 益, 盛, 眠, 眼, 礼, 福, 秀, 私, 税, 穀, 端, 篇, 精, 純, 素, 経, 結, 統, 絶, 罪, 羽, 者, 聖, 聴, 胸, 脱, 致, 舌, 舞, 若, 茶, 華, 虎, 製, 解, 言, 許, 証, 認, 誠, 請, 論, 譲, 貝, 負, 賀, 賞, 質, 迎, 造, 遇, 遊, 遺, 郷, 針, 鐘, 閉, 閑, 防, 降, 限, 除, 陰, 陽, 雄, 霜, 露, 革, 頂, 須, 領, 食, 飲, 館, 香, 驚, 鮮, 鶏
Advanced
卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿
Naming
巳, 兀, 壬, 刈, 巴, 亢, 尹, 仄, 廿, 什, 曰, 歹, 仍, 弘, 卉, 卯, 戊, 汀, 仔, 疋, 乍, 叭, 弗, 瓜, 尼, 牟, 朴, 戍, 圭, 肋, 旭, 汎, 芝, 丞, 匈, 朶, 芋, 伊, 伍, 卍, 亥, 尖, 艮, 戌, 曳, 杏, 阮, 佑, 伶, 汪, 佃, 舛, 牡, 呂, 些, 戻, 劫, 芭, 杉, 伽, 灼, 李, 兎, 呉, 甫, 汲, 壱, 祁, 吞, 辰, 囧, 罔, 狐, 邸, 抛, 侃, 虱, 尭, 阜, 昊, 孟, 竺, 祇, 坪, 奄, 坤, 刮, 邱, 宕, 沓, 侑, 姑, 岬, 邵, 岡, 珈, 孩, 哈, 侠, 頁, 勅, 姚, 柑, 柿, 珉, 娃, 殃, 姥, 郁, 柏, 洲, 胡, 栃, 祐, 拶, 胤, 垓, 韋, 珂, 咸, 柴, 禹, 兪, 姜, 彦, 洛, 朔, 蚤, 豹, 栗, 郝, 烏, 狸, 桓, 哥, 桧, 秦, 胰, 衲, 芻, 唉, 恣, 隼, 陛, 挨, 豈, 桂, 玖, 挺, 姫, 桟, 酎, 俺, 釘, 奚, 拿, 蚊, 俯, 祢, 唐, 袁, 釧, 猪, 捺, 崙, 淵, 鹵, 苹, 這, 盒, 苑, 寅, 甜, 梁, 堀, 曼, 雀, 埼, 晨, 曹, 萄, 苟, 翌, 亀, 崔, 淳, 卿, 琶, 凱, 蛞, 腔, 棗, 茫, 雁, 犂, 跌, 欽, 弼, 遁, 嵐, 厥, 巽, 壷, 飧, 塚, 茨, 猩, 舜, 喬, 閔, 覃, 彭, 鄂, 椎, 馮, 貂, 臍, 琵, 湊, 斯, 媛, 茸, 鈩, 傅, 蛙, 虞, 搾, 煎, 裾, 蛾, 牒, 鄒, 㐮, 賈, 椰, 鼎, 煤, 媽, 蜀, 猿, 鉤, 楠, 嫁, 祿, 葛, 鼠, 楊, 碁, 爺, 楚, 楕, 閨, 裴, 嘗, 甄, 鳶, 慷, 蕉, 禎, 熊, 菅, 僕, 銑, 蔡, 趙, 蝋, 廖, 聡, 瑠, 踝, 箕, 廠, 蝉, 黎, 蝓, 醇, 蝸, 劉, 撇, 魯, 稼, 鴎, 撞, 駕, 蝦, 餃, 嬉, 熬, 駒, 凜, 葡, 豎, 鋒, 畿, 靠, 潘, 蝶, 錫, 錆, 蒙, 蹄, 鮎, 橘, 薪, 踵, 錐, 璣, 蕭, 燕, 薛, 駱, 閻, 橐, 醍, 叡, 諡, 盧, 頤, 螂, 嬢, 牆, 謄, 鮫, 磯, 儧, 檗, 鞠, 檀, 幇, 霞, 醤, 擡, 蒋, 膿, 蟄, 鴻, 鮟, 嶺, 鵝, 攄, 鯉, 藤, 藩, 魏, 鎬, 麒, 麓, 龐, 藻, 瀧, 鵰, 繋, 鯛, 蟹, 鯨, 譚, 襖, 隴, 鰌, 鰐, 朧, 籃, 鶴, 蠣, 纏, 齦, 灌, 轟, 蘇, 穣, 鱇, 灘, 龔, 麟, 鷺, 欒, 蘭, 鱒, 攬, 鷹, 鑽
Sample
- 単亜語/218_sentences - Sentences to test syntax
Links