Anbirese

Anbirese/Wordlist
Anbirese/Swadesh list
Anbirese/Names

Anbirese
Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quame Talmic Tigolic Anbirese

Anbirese (n gaz Anbirjeong /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives Skellan and Ciètian, it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of Tricin (Anbirese: n Smau /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. Anbirese is the official language of the Talman countries Anbir and Musun and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, Anbirese is a descendant of Thensarian. Like with German, there is a Standard Anbirese and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Anbirese rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Anbirese still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.

External history

The idea of Anbirese began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.

Todo

• ot, od > vat, vad
• Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
• scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
• obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
• Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ʔinna and ʔanna (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
• Swadesh list
• Tigol > Anbirese sound changes

plus, Anbirese has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern Anbirese
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern Anbirese
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern Anbirese was completely replaced with 'scid'
ca-ephyth = of that
ca-leth = that (acc.)
ca-dzeth = in that; there
ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
in that house = ca-dzen souar
or "dze cin souar"
both are valid
the first being more archaic

a verbalizer like -ować

• Verb prefixes:
  • ar-: on, at > ar-
  • (deut.) as-: telic > ys-
  • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at > dze-, do-
  • é-: with, co- > e-
  • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly > fin-
  • for-: causative, through > for-
  • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back > fl-
  • imm-: immediately > im-, m-, n-, ŋ-
  • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out > gol-
  • ro-: down > ro-
  • sol-: a causative > sol-
  • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards > su-
  • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back > sor-
  • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from > oc-

Vowel reflexes:

• a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u
• ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
• á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
• ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
• eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
• ae ao aoi > e eu eui
• ia ua uai > ja veo vae

Phonology

Consonants

• /k g x ŋ/
• /tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
• /t d tʰ z n/
• /p b f v m/
• /p' b' f' v' m'/
• /s ɕ ɧ h/
• /r ɹ j ɴ̆~w/

Like Russian, Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written Cj) and iotated consonants (written Clj): e.g. mjeg /m'eg/ = to cover; mljeg /mjeg/ = to sell.

Notation

Radical consonants

• k χ ng /k x ŋ/
• kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
• t θ n /t tʰ n/
• tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
• c cj /ts tɕ/
• p f m /p f m/
• s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
• r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

sj = sje, etc.

Lenited consonants

• g γ /g Ø/
• gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
• d z /d z/
• dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
• dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
• b v /b v/
• bj vj /bj vj/

Eclipsed consonants

• ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
• nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
• n nh /n nʰ/
• m mh /m mʰ/

Mutations

Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.

Consonant mutations

grapheme	m	p	φ	f	t	θ	c	s*	z	k	χ	0, j
lenition	ng	b	v	h	d	z	dz	h	0	g	γ	-
eclipsis	-	m	mh	v	n	nh	-	z	-	ng	ngh	n(j)-
h-prothesis	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	h(j)-

Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.

^*The clusters written sp, st, sk do not mutate.

Vowels

i eu u e eo a o ae oe /i ɨ ü e ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/

eo is /ə/ when unstressed.

Stress

Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

Pitch accent

Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.

Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:

1. Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
2. High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent

For example:

• skaen /skên/ (falling tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; n skaen /ən skên/ = 'the friend'
• skáen /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'friends (pl)'; n skáen /ən skěn/ = 'the friends'
• ael (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
• áel (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'

A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.

Intonation

• General fall: declarative clauses
• General rise: dependent clauses
• Interrogative: interrogative clauses

Dialectology

Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.

Anbir

Anbir has more dialectal diversity.

Musun

Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.

Orthography

Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

Vocabulary

Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of Swuntsim loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more Tseer and Windermere loans.

Morphology

Mutations

Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

Nouns

Like its relative Ciètian, Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter).

Definite article

Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is

• eo before nasals and resonants: eo mar [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
• n before other consonants and before vowels: n χeozir [ə̀n xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; n abeot [nàbə̂t] 'the book'

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

Definite article

	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
	eclipsis	lenition	no mut.	no mut.	no mut.	eclipsis
Example	eo mpran 'the corner'	n gkaz 'the language'	n χeozir 'the flower'	n prán 'the corners'	n káz 'the languages'	eo nghéozir 'the flowers'

Plural nouns

A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

• mar /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
• már /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:

• íms /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
• imseot /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ímseot)

Musunese Anbirese always uses -eot for the plural.

Adjectives

Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree

Adjective inflection

	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
	eclipsis	lenition	no mut.	no mut.	no mut.	eclipsis
Example	eo nal nhjangeoban /ə naw ɲʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting shop'	n gaz zjangeoban /ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/ 'the interesting language'	n χeozir θjangeoban /ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting flower'	n tál θjangeoban /n t⁼ǎw tɕʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting shops'	n káz θjangeoban /ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting languages'	eo nghéozir nhjangeoban /ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting flowers'

• Comparative: θjangeobanteo = more interesting
• Superlative: θjangeobaneos = most interesting

Verbs

Verbs are conservative and similar to Ciètian, with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in Skellan.

Finite verb inflection

Anbirese has 3 tenses:

• Present tense: -ig, negative θri + IMPERATIVE
• Future tense: aeb + IMPERATIVE
• Past tense: regularly -in; induces split-ergativity

There is no aspect distinction.

Non-finite forms

• The -eod infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
  • with djeobjeol, indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
  • with ok 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
  • with ast 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the -a infinitive]
• The -a infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also
  • with djeo 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
  • with eor 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
  • with nae 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
  • with ok 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
    • Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo bno. = This is too much for me to do all at once. (lit. more than my doing all at once)
  • with the accusative marker ljeo, indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ljeo-complement clause:
    • ljeo + SUBJECT + seo/s + VERB-a
    • ljeo + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)

Split-ergativity

Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Xabin u na.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG

'I have eaten.'

Xabin u na n sáeng.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread

'I have eaten the bread.'

A tjéobrjeong u na n kéolsjang χa.

but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there

'But I left the kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo már.

die.PRET DEF tree/PL

'The trees died.'

Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.

return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last

'Our dogs finally returned.'

Copula

Anbirese is zero copula in the present tense; ngu, si, jeo and tar can be used as present tense copulas.

The past tense copula is lazeon and the infinitive is faz.

Pronouns

na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun fjeor 'thou'.

Prepositions

• ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern Anbirese)
  • ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eoz, lj-am, ljeof, ljeok, ljur
• djeo = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
  • djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur
• rjeo ljeo = of
  • rjeo ljeona, rjeo ljeos, rjeo lju, rjeo li, rjeo ljeoz, rjeo ljam, rjeo ljeof, rjeo ljeok, rjeo ljur
• nae = with (inst.)
  • naemna, (naebeos), naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur
• ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
  • aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur
• lang = around, about
  • langna, (langeos), langu, langi, langeoz, langam, langeof, langeok, langur
• eor = at
  • eorna, eoreos, or, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur
• hjel = like
  • hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur
• θri = with (comitative)

Conjunctions

• eok = and
• nu = xor

Derivational morphology

Native

• -a = verbalizer
• ba- = sub-
• -eod = nominalizer
• -jeond/-eond = nominalizer
• -eog = nominalizer
• -leon = nominalizer of adjectives
• mi- = mis-, pseudo-

Foreign

• ing- = verbalizer (Wdm.)
• bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

Syntax

More: Anbirese/Syntax

Sample texts

From H2G2

N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib χár ngvad eok sjeong e eor fjen djeon dtaki sjeot ntoreuk nknjet.

/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib kʰar ur ək ɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət noɾük ŋnjet/

the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing very this person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.

The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.

UDHR

Darkjeorig ba γχar djeo hsjeok eok blje naen fraeχleod eok naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eok naen stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo areor djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon so heosrag.

be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood to act.

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.