I Kronurum

Middle I Kronurum
"that which is spoken"
Pronunciation	[ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum]
Created by	Nicolás Straccia
Setting	Yrḳuti conworlding project
Native to	The Seven Marks of Ifarka and some exclaves under their influence
Language family	Northern Languages Middle I Kronurum
Early forms	Proto-Northern [...] Ancient IK Old IK Early Middle I Kronurum
Writing systems	Latin Gothic
Language codes
CLCR	qkm

The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013. It is part of the Yrḳuti conworlding project.

Background

The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

· Ancient I Kronurum (AIK),

· Old I Kronurum (OIK),

· Middle I Kronurum (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and

· Modern I Kronurum (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of Middle I Kronurum (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat, which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (Igódánafáreþ /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

i	southmark (south-west)	i-Étrir	/ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/	„the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
ii	westmark	i-Jókláran	/ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/	“the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
ii.a	northern-westmark	i-Dehráleþ	/ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/	“the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran. The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
ii.b	southern-westmark	i-Árháfr	/ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/	“the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
iii	northern-eastmark	i-Fóþrhir	/ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/	"the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
iv	southern-eastmark	i-Branárlåjn	/ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/	“longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
v	valleybend mark	i-Þistelåjn	/ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/	“mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
vi	longshore mark	i-Branháfrjók	/ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/	“the long beach shore(line)"
vii	islemark	i-Elugrujifjórd	/je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/	“the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark

Grammar

In a nutshell:

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

PHONOLOGY

Vowels

Vowel inventory

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i u (ʊ) (ɘ) e̞ o̞ (ɛ) (ɐ) (a) ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Vowel allophony

· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their phonemic length contrast distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

OIK		EMIK		MIK
⟨ā⟩	/ɑː/	⟨ā⟩	/ɑə̯/	⟨á⟩	/ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
⟨ē⟩	/eː/	⟨ē⟩	/eɪ̯/	⟨é⟩	/ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
⟨ī⟩	/ɪː/	⟨ī⟩	/ɪi̯/	⟨í⟩	/ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
⟨ō⟩	/oː/	⟨ō⟩	/oʊ̯/	⟨ó⟩	/u̹/~[ʊ]

Other diphtongs

⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R)
⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/
⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/	E.g. "fish" strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/1, "fishy" strójrin /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]

¹ the conservative pronunciation of strójr ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.

Consonants

Consonant inventory

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p b			t d			k g	ʔ
Nasal	m			n		[ɲ]	[ŋ]
Trill				r
Tap or flap				ɾ
Fricative	[β]	f	θ ð	s	ʃ		x [ɣ]	h
Lateral fric.				[ɬ]
Approximant	w					j
Lateral app.				l

Onset mutations

Mutation grade
0	1	2
p- /p/	f- /f/	f- /f/
b- /b/~/β/	ƕ- /hw/	p- /p/
t- /t/	þ- /θ/	þ- /θ/
d- /d/	ð- /ð/	þ- /θ/
þ- /θ/	þ- /θ/	d- /d/
ð- /ð/	þ- /θ/	þ- /θ/
k- /k/	h- /h/~/χ/	g- /g/~/ɣ/
g- /g/~/ɣ/	h- /h/~/χ/	g- /g/~/ɣ/
m- /m/	mw- /mʷ/	mw- /mʷ/~/w/
n- /n/	ñ- /ɲ/	ng- /ŋ/
l- /l/	lh- /ɬ/	lh- /ɬ/
s- /s/	ś- /ʃ/	ś- /ʃ/
w- /w/	ƕ- /hw/~/hv/	w- /w/
j- /j/	ś- /ʃ/	lh- /ɬ/
h- /h/~/χ/	h- /h/~/χ/	h- /h/~/χ/
f- /f/	p- /p/	p- /p/

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. kramo {crow:nom}, ó hramen {gen crow-gen}, tró gramo {acc crow:acc}

Phonotaxis

Syllable structure

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(S), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (S), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

Sandhi

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

Sandhi	Example
-/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/	ash-coloured, grey agoróśigrelin {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
-/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/-	fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
-/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/-	small animal som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
/bl/- → -/b̥l/	blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
-/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/-	portion, part, section abágli / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
-/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/-	_ balda /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
-/d/ → -/d̥/	flax ljód /ˈlju̹d̥/
-/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/-	_ larða **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
-/t/·/n/- → -/d/-	In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.: to work, to labour hénur /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores hé·t·nur > hédur /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
-n-t- → -nd̥-	won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
/lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/-	to strike, to hit waŕtur /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat lu·waŕtur > luaŕtur /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
/θVθ/→/θVt/	<jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
-/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/-	noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
-/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/-	ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → aŕó /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
larnnirin → larnirin	-nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
-/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/	lexicalized+DAT-DAT [dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
-/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/	lexicalized+DAT-DET [dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
-/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/	-ADJZ-DET

Allophony

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

* a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments ** a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

MORPHOLOGY

Nominal morphology

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

preposition	0	1	2	3	4
gen, acc	√noun	det	pl	and	nom, gen, acc, dat, inst, loc, all

Grammatical case

• Nominative

The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: nom). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.

• Accusative

The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition tró (glossed: acc.i); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: acc.ii), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition tró triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).

• Genitive

The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”). It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above). Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word hissóhéuren /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **hissókéuren /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the Discrepance on onset mutations controversy.

• Dative

The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.

• Instrumental

The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.

• Locative

The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "bághirliftó, héuraftó“, "in the grove, by the river"; "tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó", "by him/her, in his/her hand").

• Allative

The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-dat upon {Y}-all».

Declension particles and affixes

Case		Marker			Notes
nom	Nominative	∅			The nominative case is not marked
gen	Genitive	ó(r) _-(e)n	/ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/	preposition, suffix	Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
acc	Accusative	tró	/ˈtɾu̹/	preposition	Triggers mutation 2
dat	Dative	-(r)is	-/ɾis/	suffix
instr	Instrumental/Commitative	-(n)ion	-/nio̯n/	suffix	Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
loc	Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at")	-(a)ftó	-/f.ˈtu̹/	suffix	þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
all	Allative	-(o)rion	-/o̞.ɾio̯n/	suffix	þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"

Grammatical number

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

· Plural marking

Grammatical gender	Plural form			Example
Animate	umlaut+-n	{´}n	‹´›-/n/	‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
	umlaut+-an	{´}n	‹´›-/ɐn/
Inanimate	umlaut+-ran	{´}ran	‹´›-/ɾɐn/	‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
	umlaut+-eþ	{´}eþ	‹´›-/eθ/	‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
Indefinite	umlaut+-aþ	aþ	-/ɐθ/

Definiteness

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix (det) -rum (See Derivational particles and affixes below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a vocative marker.

Other forms

· Diminutives

Grammatical gender	Diminutive form			Example
Animate	umlaut+-(e)jar	{´}(e)jar	‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/	‹gángrejar›, little dog
	preposition	‹som›*	/so̞m/	‹som lugr›, little hand; ‹som breja›, little animal.
Inanimate
	umlaut+-þu	{´}þu	‹´›-/θu/	‹bágaþu›, little eye
	umlaut+-li	{´}li	‹´›-/li/	‹noþa›, package; ‹nódali›, bag
Indefinite	umlaut+-isi	{´}(i)si	‹´›-/isi/	‹iarisi›, sorrow (little emptyness)

· Augmentatives

Grammatical gender	Augmentative form			Example
Animate	-ónr	(ó)nr	-/u̹.nɾ̩/	‹gangrónr›, big dog
	preposition	‹det›*	/de̞t/	‹det koŕa›, big door; ‹det hlár›, big flower.
Inanimate
	-lår	lår	-/lɑɾ/	‹faltalår›, big table
Indefinite	-(a)śar	(a)śar	-/a.ʃɐɾ/	‹grébaśar›, great harm

* The use of the particles ‹det› and ‹som› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "x-ful", "very x, "having x (n.)" or "very x (adj.)", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹detjalatti›, expected, from ‹det› -"with, having"- and ‹i-alatti› -"expectation"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹det-hjol›, with walls, walled, from ‹det› -"with, having"- and ‹hjol› -wall-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the instrumental (inst), locative (loc) and allative (all) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the third person indefinite (3s.ind and 3p.ind) for all grammatical genders.

Person			Grammatical case
			nom	gen	acc	dat	inst	loc	all
Singular	1		‹angr› /ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/	‹ór angren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/	‹tró angr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/	‹angris› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/	‹angrion› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/	‹angraftó› /ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/	‹angorion› /ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
	2		‹setr› /ˈse̞.tr̩/	‹ó þetren› /ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/	‹tró śetr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/	‹setris› /ˈse̞.tɾis/	‹setrion› /ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/	‹setraftó› /se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/	‹setorion› /ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
	3	anim	‹osta› /ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/	‹ór osten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/	‹tró osta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/	‹ostris› /ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/	‹estrion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/	‹estraftó› /ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/	‹estarion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
		inan	‹masta› /ˈmɑs.tɐ/	‹ó mwasten› /ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/	‹tró wasta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/	‹mastris› /ˈmɑs.tɾis/
		ind	‹esta› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/	‹ór esten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/	‹tró esta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/	‹estris› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
Plural	1		‹óstr› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/	‹ór óstren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/	‹tró óstr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/	‹óstris› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/	‹óstrion› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/	‹óstraftó› /ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/	‹óstrorion› /ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
	2		‹hagr› /ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/	‹ó kagren› /ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/	‹tró gagr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/	‹hagris› /ˈhɑ.gɾis/	‹hagrion› /ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/	‹hagraftó› /hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/	‹hagorion› /ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
	3	anim	‹jóka› /ˈju̜.kɐ/	‹ó jóbken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/	‹tró ñóka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/	‹jókris› /ˈju̜.kɾis/	‹narkrion› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/	‹narkaftó› /nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/	‹narkorion› /ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
		inan	‹méka› /ˈmei̯.kɐ/	‹ó mwéken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/	‹tró wéka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/	‹mékris› /ˈmei̯.kɾis/
		ind	‹narka› /ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/	‹ó nwarken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/	‹tró ñarka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/	‹narkris› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

Relatives: comparative and equative

· a is x-er than b (comparative)

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the comparative construction (adjective plus compared-to noun or nominal phrase). The compared-to term is affixed with the comparative suffix comp.than -(a)los (from losi, adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix comp.more de- (from det, adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

· comp

-(a)los

-/ɐlos/

comparative

suffix.

From losi, adj. “(to be) other”

· det

/ˈde̞t/

adjective particle,

(adj.) with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x

The structure of the comparative construction is:

[X]	(is)	er-[α]	[Y]-than
(theme, what is being described)		more-[adjective]	[compared-to-noun]-than
[noun:nom]		de-[adjective]	[compared-to-noun]-(a)los

For example:

[X]	(is)	er-[α]	[Y]-than
[wolf/dog]		er-[small]	[house]-than
[gangr]		de-[som]	[þane]-los
‹gangr de-som þanelos›
"a dog is smaller than a house"

· a is as x as b (equative)

Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”

Relative forms use the following affixes:

comp.more	de-	/de̞/-	compared-by adjective	from det, adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
comp.than	-(a)los	-/ɐ.lo̞s/	compared-to noun	from losi, adj. “(to be) the other”
comp.as	-wes	-/we̞s/	equative	from wesse,adj. „(to be) equal“

Superlatives

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

Grammatical gender	Superlative form			Example
Animate	-(n)aur	(n)aur	-/nau̯ɾ/	‹knegaur›, the tallest (anim.)
	preposition	‹dette›	/de̞.tːɘ/	(dette < det-det)
Inanimate	preposition	‹dette›	/de̞.tːɘ/	(dette < det-det)
Indefinite	-jós	jós	-/ju̜s/	‹netreriñós›, the most orderly (ind.)

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

[X]	(is)	er-[α]	[Y]-than	,	but	est	[α]	[Z]	(dat dem. pronoun)
[house]		er-[big]	[wolf/dog]-than		but	est	[big]	[mountain]	(dem.distal.dat.pl “to them”)
[þane]		de-[dag]	[gangr]-los		harhaŕa	dette	[dag]	[fóþr]	(tréþraris)
‹þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris›
"a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them"

Colour terms

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including basic colour terms and standardized derived colour terms, and an open set, including further ad hoc colour terms, which can be derived as needed.

All derived colour terms, both standardized and ad hoc, are constructed as genitive compounds composed of the word "colour" (agoro /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the adjectivizer suffix adjz -rin.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is nontur /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

Basic colour terms
alta	ˈʔɑl.tɐ	n	in	green
áþi	ˈʔɑi̯.θi	adj	q	black
us	ˈʔus	adj	q	white
mól	ˈmu̹l	adj	q	blue, azure
þír	ˈθei̯ɾ	adj	q	brown, dun
...
Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-adjz)
agoróśigrelin	ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin	adj	q	ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
agorókenallin	ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin	adj	q	blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
agoróparkarin	ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin	adj	q	earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)

Verbal morphology

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

preposition	-1	0	1	2
Passive voice marker	Aspect marker prefix	√verb	Conjugation affix for person, number and mood	Aspect marker suffix

Verb conjugation paradigms

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

i -nur,

ii -tur,

ii.a -dur,

iii -rur,

iv -jur,

v -kur.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

For detailed tables of each paradigm see here.

Verbal aspect markers

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker atten is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

aspect		marker	theme		Notes
			consonant	vowel
Continuous	cont	Ø- (unmarked)			‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, I’m speaking Ikronurum
Gnomic	gnom	[conjugated verb] ini	/ˈʔi.ni/		(postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, I speak Ikronurum
Perfect	perf	j(ó)-	/ju̹.ˈ/-	/ˈjV/-	Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-›
Imperfect	imp	ke-	/ke̞.ˈ/-	/ke̞.ˈʔ/-	Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
Intensive1	int1	ja(g)-	/jɑˈɣ/-		Movement: to.walk → to.parade
Intensive2	int2	a(l)-	/ʔɑ.ˈ/	/ʔɑ.ˈlV/	Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
Attenuative	atten	-(e)t-	-/ɘt/-	-/t/-	(infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)

Particles and affixes

Function		Marker			Notes
pvm	Passive voice marker	þar	/ˈθɑɾ/	particle/preposition
aux	Auxiliar particle	gar	/ˈgɑɾ/	particle/preposition	"composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
hort	Hortative particle	heŕan	/ˈhe̞.rɐn/	particle/preposition	[HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
neg	Negation of an action	ren	/ˈre̞n/	particle/preposition	(it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
caus	Causative	-a-	-/ɑ/-	affix	Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-caus-[verb.declension] nimr water; nimrajur to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)

Numerals and quantifiers

Numerals

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ihámunna /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb hamur, “to count”.

Cardinals

Morphology	< >	//
	harna	ˈhɑɾ.nɐ	no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
	jog	ˈjo̞x	01, one
	nor	ˈno̞ɾ	02, two
	ana, an-	ˈʔɑ.nɐ	03, three
	ittag, itt-	ˈʔi.tːɐx	04, four
	lur	ˈluɾ	05, five
	fit	ˈfit	06, six
	éþi, éþ-	ˈʔei̯.θil	07, seven
	heltr, helt-	ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩	08, eight
	usto, ust-	ˈʔus.to̞	09, nine
	hór	ˈhu̜ɾ	10, ten
hór-jog	hórjog	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x	11, eleven
hór-nor	hórnor	ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ	12, twelve
hór-ana	hórana	ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ	13, thirteen
hór-ittag	hórittag	ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx	14, fourteen
hór-lur	hólur	ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ	15, fifteen
hór-fit	hórfit	ˈhu̜ɾ.fit	16, sixteen
hór-éþil	hóréþil	ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil	17, seventeen
hór-heltr	hórjoltr	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩	18, eighteen
hór-usto	hórjosto	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞	19, nineteen
jog-nor-r	jor	ˈjo̞ɾ	20, twenty
jog-ór-jor	jogór-jor	ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
nor-ór-jor	norór-jor	ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
an-ór-jor	anór-jor	ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
itt-ór-jor	ittór-jor	ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
lur-ór-jor	lurór-jor	ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
fit-ór-jor	fitór-jor	ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
éþ-ór-jor	éþór-jor	ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
helt-ór-jor	heltór-jor	ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
ust-ór-jor	ustór-jor	ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ	29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
jog-ana-r	jonr	ˈjo̞.nɾ̩	30, thirty
jog-ór-jonr	jogór-jonr	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩	31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
jog-ittag-r	jottar	ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ	40, forty
jog-ór-jottar	jogór-jottar	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ	41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
jog-lur-r	jolur	ˈjo̞.luɾ	50, fifty
jog-ór-jolur	jogór-jolur	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ	51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
jog-fit-r	jofir	ˈjo̞.fiɾ	60, sixty
jog-ór-jofir	jogór-jofir	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ	61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
jog-éþi-r	joþr	ˈjo̞.θɾ̩	70, seventy
jog-ór-joþr	jogór-joþr	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩	71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
jog-helt-r	joltr	ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩	80, eighty
jog-ór-joltr	jogór-joltr	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩	81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
jog-ust-r	jostr	ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩	90, ninety
jog-ór-jostr	jogór-jostr	ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩	91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)

Ordinals

The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix -(j)os (derived from the superlative affix -jós), with the form -os after plosives and fricatives and -jos after nasals and rhotics.

Morphology	< >	//
	harna	ˈhɑɾ.nɐ	no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
	jogos	ˈjo̞.go̞s	01, first
	norjos	ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s	02, second
	anjos	ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s	03, third
	ittos	ˈʔi.tːo̞s	04, fourth
	lurjos	ˈluɾ.jo̞s	05, fifth
	fitos	ˈfi.to̞s	06, sixth
	éþos	ˈʔei̯.θo̞s	07, seventh
	heltos	ˈhe̞l.to̞s	08, eighth
	ustos	ˈʔus.to̞s	09, ninth
	hórjos	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s	10, tenth
hór-jog-(j)os	hórjogos	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s	11, eleventh
hór-nor-(j)os	hórnorjos	ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s	12, twelveth
hór-an-(j)os	hóranjos	ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s	13, thirteenth
hór-itt-(j)os	hórittos	ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s	14, fourteenth
hór-lur-(j)os	hólurjos	ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s	15, fifteenth
hór-fit-(j)os	hórfitos	ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s	16, sixteenth
hór-éþ-(j)os	hóréþos	ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s	17, seventeenth
hór-jolt-(j)os	hórjoltos	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s	18, eighteenth
hór-jost-(j)os	hórjostos	ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s	19, nineteenth
jor-(j)os	jorjos	ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s	20, twentieth
jog-ór-jor-(j)os	jogór-jorjos	ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s	21, twenty-first
nor-ór-jor-(j)os	norór-jorjos	ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s	22, twenty-second
an-ór-jor-(j)os	anór-jorjos	ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s	23, twenty-third
itt-ór-jor-(j)os	ittór-jorjos	ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s	24, twenty-fourth
lur-ór-jor-(j)os	lurór-jorjos	ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s	25, twenty-fifth
fit-ór-jor-(j)os	fitór-jorjos	ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s	26, twenty-sixth
éþ-ór-jor-(j)os	éþór-jorjos	ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s	27, twenty-seventh
helt-ór-jor-(j)os	heltór-jorjos	ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s	28, twenty-eighth
ust-ór-jor-(j)os	ustór-jorjos	ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s	29, twenty-ninth
jonar-(j)os	jonarjos	ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s	30, thirtieth
jog-ór-jonar-(j)os	jogór-jonarjos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s	31, thirty-first
jottag-(j)os	jottagos	ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s	40, fortieth
jog-ór-jottag-(j)os	jogór-jottagos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s	41, forty-first
jolur-(j)os	jolurjos	ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s	50, fiftieth
jog-ór-jolur-(j)os	jogór-jolurjos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s	51, fifty-first
jofit-(j)os	jofitos	ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s	60, sixtieth
jog-ór-jofit-(j)os	jogór-jofitos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s	61, sixty-first
joþ-(j)os	joþos	ˈjo̞.θo̯s	70, seventieth
jog-ór-joþ-(j)os	jogór-joþos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s	71, seventy-first
jolt-(j)os	joltos	ˈjo̞l.to̯s	80, eightieth
jog-ór-jolt-(j)os	jogór-joltos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s	81, eighty-first
jost-(j)os	jostos	ˈjo̞s.to̞s	90, ninetieth
jog-ór-jost-(j)os	jogór-jostos	ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s	91, ninety-first

Multiples

· n-times → numeral+ADV

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. jog, one - joguŕó, simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); nor, two - noruŕó, double; anaŕó, triple; ittaguŕó, quadruple;

· n-times → NLZ+numeral+ADV

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. jog, one - ijoguŕó, once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); nor, two - inoruŕó, twice; janaŕó, thrice; jittaguŕó, four times; etc.

Marking hierarchy

Nouns

-1	0	1	2	3	4
case governing particle: gen, acc	√noun	det	pl, dim, augm	and	grammatical case (nom, gen, acc, dat, inst, loc, all), advm

Verbs

-2	-1	0	1		2
passive voice marker particle	aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect	√root	aspect marker affix: attenuative	conjugation affix for person, number, and mood	aspect marker particle

Derivational morphology

· Nominalizer (nmlz)

Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):

nmlz-[verb in the infinitive]

Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:

nmlz-[adjective/ppl]

dag, big; i-dag, bigness.

Nominalization of past participles When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

[-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

Deverbal adjectives

verb.inf+adjz

Denominal adjectives

- adjz -rin

- “with” (det-)

- “without” (har-)

- verb:

nontur “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.

“to.have strength-acc” → “to be strong”

“to.have sweetness-acc” → “to be sweet”

Derivational particles and affixes

· Grammatical

Function		Marker			Notes
nmlz	Nominalizer	i	/ˈʔi/	preposition	Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum› kronur “I speak” 1s.pres.ind i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum} [NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det] = "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language.
det	Determiner	-rum	-/ɾum/	suffix	"the x" (instead of "a x")
and	Coordinator	-ór	-/u̹ɾ/	preposition	"and"
advm	Adverbializer	-(u)ŕó	-/u.ˈru̹/	suffix	"x-ly", "in the maner of x" turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
adj	Adjetivizer	-rin	-/ɾin/	suffix	Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured"

· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms

Function		Marker			Notes
pers	Associated person	-rir	-/ɾiɾ/	suffix	Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ríra, “person” hlajur v. to.make, hlajrir n. maker. assa n. forge, assarir n. smith.
tool	Associated artifact, tool	-(e)nar	-/ɘnɐɾ/	suffix	From nara, “thing, artifact, contraption” iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
place	Associated place	-fér	-/fei̯ɾ/	suffix	From féra, “place”.
col	Colective noun	-hir	-/hiɾ/	suffix	From hitr, “pack, herd” sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”

Discourse particles

List of discourse particles
Type	<>	[]	Translation	Notes
adjective	det	ˈde̞t	with	with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)
adjective	har	ˈhɑɾ	without	without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less
adverbial	feŕ	ˈfe̞r	thus
adverbial	pórhaŕa	ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ	whenever	“each-while”
adverbial	ídihaŕa	ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ	always	“all-while”
adverbial	sig	ˈsix	until
adverbial	haŕa	ˈhɑ.rɐ	while	When used figuratively: “while x, y” - Order: “while X, Y then[=won] Z”
adverbial	won	ˈwo̞n	then
connective	ána	ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ	so, therefore
connective	-ór	-u̹ɾ	and	suffix, word connector
connective			or	word or sentence disjunctor
connective	om	ˈʔo̞m	and/or
connective	harhaŕa	ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ	but	“not-while”
connective	man	ˈmɑn	so	Ger. also; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
connective	hurman	huɾ.ˈmɑn	“and so, indeed, ...”
connective	as	ˈʔɑs	because (of)	+gen
connective	nwo	ˈnʷo̞	that	(hen-won, "this-then") Ger. dass - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
connective	losihiraftó	ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹	“as for the rest, ...”	From losihirum-aftó, the.rest-loc (losihir’aftó, the det -rum is dropped)
connective/ adverbial	losiŕó	lo̞.si.ˈru̹	otherwise	adv.m “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
hortative	heŕan	ˈhe̞.rɐn	“let’s ...”	preposition; [hort]+[pers.pron.+dat]+[verb]
intensifier	hur	ˈhuɾ	indeed	intensifier
negation			no	of a proposition, of a sentence
negation	ren	ˈre̞n	not	negation of an action (it won’t x, it doesn’t x, etc)
subord	nun	ˈnun	which, RLTZ2	introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
subord	fror	ˈfɾo̞ɾ	which, RLTZ1	introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
	pórja	ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ	whatever	“each-any”
	og	ˈʔo̞x	hence

Proper nouns

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum. For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

Anthroponyms

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname. First names Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found. Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

Faradur Ór-Altahjol	→	/ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ	ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/		"Horse-son	of Greenwall"
Énor* Artassarir	→	/ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ	ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/		"Bear(paw)	Swordmaker"
Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr	→	/ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k	duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/		"Riverstone	son of Eaglewing"
*(Énor < Énorag)
A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname: [Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir] “Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar). Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

Toponyms

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of toponymical proper nouns. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

Group	Toponymical form
a
	hamlet	-þåjn	-/θɑi̯n/	top. “-ham”, from þánerum, hamlet
	town	-þåjl	-/θɑi̯l/	top. “-ton”, from -þåjnl, in turn from þánelår, town
	path	-års	-/ɑɾs/	top. from arso, path, way; street, road
b
	hill	-neþ	-/nɘθ/	top. from neþo, hill
	valley	-låjn	-/lɑi̯.n/	top. from lánr, valley
	cove	-lor	-/lo̞ɾ/	top. from lora, cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
	chasm	-luþ	-/luθ/	top. from luþlor, “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
	cliff	-hråjl	-/hɾɑi̯l/	top. from hrál, cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. farallón
c
	sea	-jår	-/jɑɾ/	top. from jarl, sea
	bay	-fjór	-/fju̜ɾ/	top. from fjór, pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
	port	-fjórd	-/fju̜ɾd̥/	top. port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
	beach	-håjf	-/hɑi̯f/	top. from háfr, beach, shoreline
	shore	-jók	-/ju̜k/	top. from jóke, border, Ger. Rand; side, coast
d
	land	-får(k)	-/fɑɾk/	top. region, region-name; from farka, earth
	field	-lól	-/lu̹l/	top. from lótli, field
e
	forest	-bågh	-/bɑx/	top. from baghir, forest
	grove	-båjg	-/bɑi̯x/	top. from bághirli, grove
	swamp	-kóg	-/kʰu̹x/	top. from kóg, bog, moor, swamp
f
	creek	-hel	-/he̞l/	top. from héur, creek, river

Syntax

Word order per sentence type

Sentence type			Constituent order	Constituent marking
Declarative sentences	Active sentences	Intransitive verbs	SV	nom-v
		Monotransitive verbs	OSV	acc-nom-v
		Ditransitive verbs	OTSV	acc-dat-nom-v
	Passive sentences		SOV	nom-acc-pvm-v
Interrogative sentences (focus fronting)			OQSV	acc-q-nom-v
			SQOV	nom-q-acc-v
			TQOSV	dat-q-acc-nom-v
			VQOS	v-q-acc-nom
Imperative sentences			OVS	acc-v-nom+det

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking (det -rum-) and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

Lexicon

Citation forms:

· Nouns: nominative singular;

· Adjectives: nominative singular

· Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

Leipzig-Jakarta list

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the Leipzig-Jakarta list but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between arm and hand. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

English	I Kronurum
	‹›	//
ant	urna	ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
arm	nidr	ˈni.dɾ̩
hand	lugr	ˈlu.gɾ̩
ash	sigr	ˈsi.gɾ̩
back	ikanrin	ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
big	dag	ˈdɑx
bird	unda	ˈʔun.dɐ
to bite (human)	þistånur	ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
to bite (animal)	ðanur	ˈðɑ.nuɾ
bitter	ljur	ˈljuɾ
black	áþi	ˈʔɑi̯.θi
blood	henna	ˈhe̞.nːɐ
to blow	þuntur	ˈθun.tuɾ
bone	hamr	ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
breast	boðr	ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
to burn (intransitive)	orkjur	ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
to carry	nontur	ˈno̞n.tuɾ
child (reciprocal of parent)	sente	ˈse̞n.tɘ
to come	herjonur	ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
to crush/to grind	luhestur	ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
to cry/to weep	nasjur	ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
to do/to make	hlajur	ˈhlɑ.juɾ
dog	gangr	ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
to drink	wentur	ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
ear	náa	ˈnɑ.jɐ
to eat	nistur	ˈnis.tuɾ
egg	gaŕa	ˈgɑ.rɐ
eye	bagra	ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
to fall
far	sór	ˈsu̜ɾ
fire	okre	ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
fish	strójr	ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
flesh/meat	fegr	ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
fly	jaŕan	ˈjɑ.rɐn
to give	hajur	ˈhɑ.juɾ
to go	arnur	ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
good	sag	ˈsɑx
hair (human)	vór	ˈvu̹ɾ
hard	breg	ˈbɾe̞x
he/she (3S.AN.NOM)	osta	ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
it (3S.IN.NOM)	masta	ˈmɑs.tɐ
him/her (3S.ACC)	tró osta	ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
to hear	nátur	ˈnɑi̯.tur
heavy	bro	ˈbɾo̞
to hide (intransitive)
to hide (transitive)	fráråjur	ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
to hit	waŕtur	ˈwɑr.tuɾ
to beat	luaŕtur	ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
horn	ðrófa	ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
house	þane	ˈθɑ.nɘ
I	angr	ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
me	tró angr	ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
in (loc)	-aftó	-ɐf.ˈtu̹
knee	þranár	ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
to know	arajur	ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
to laugh	reþinur	ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
leaf	brefa	ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
leg	þran	ˈθɾɑn
foot	jona	ˈjo.nɐ
liver	geś	ˈge̞ʃ
long	bran	ˈbɾɑn
louse	géga	ˈgei̯.gɐ
mouth (human)	þiste	ˈθis.te̞
name	lok	ˈlo̞k
navel	hjarma	ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
neck	mele	ˈme̞.lɘ
new	krim	ˈkɾim
night	hjól	ˈhju̜l
nose	fróð	ˈfɾu̹ð
not (of an action)	ren	ˈre̞n
old	þrór	ˈθɾu̜ɾ
one	jog	ˈjox
rain	sigrahir	ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
red	agorókenallin	ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
root	suma	ˈsu.mɐ
rope	hjara	ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
to run	ekanur	ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
salt	fora	ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
sand	bisso	ˈbi.sːo̞
to say	kronur	ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
to see	bagråjur	ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
shade/shadow	wegr	ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
skin (human)	gród	ˈgɾu̹d̥
hide	kuŕa	ˈkʰu.rɐ
small	som	ˈso̞m
smoke	þóste	ˈθu̹s.tɘ
soil	farka	ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
to stand	étrur	ˈʔei̯.truɾ
star	fár	fɑi̯ɾ
stone	broka	ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
rock	ibroke	ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
to suck	fiþinur	ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
sweet	ónðr	ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
tail (animal)	sikr	ˈsi.kɾ̩
to take (away)	tróśórkánur	ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
thick	san	ˈsɑn
thigh	kneg-þran	ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
this (prox. to speaker, NOM)	nédor	ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
to tie	hjarmåjur	ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
tongue	silr	ˈsi.lɾ̩
tooth	taga	ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
water	nimr	ˈni.mɾ̩
what?
who?
wide	aða	ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
wind	þunr	ˈθu.nɾ̩
wing	hrafr	ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
wood	linda	ˈlin.dɐ
yesterday	unþróƕarta	ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
you (singular, NOM)	setr	ˈse̞.tr̩

Orthography

The name of the language, I Kronurum, in one of the native scripts, a gautification and a romanization

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "gautification" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

Orthographies
Consonants
IPA value	Latin letter	Gothic letter	Native orthography	Notes
p	p	𐍀	-	-
b	b	𐌱	-	-
t	t	𐍄	-	-
d	d	𐌳	-	-
k	k	𐌺	-	-
g	g	𐌲	-	-
m	m	𐌼	-	-
n	n	𐌽	-	-
ɲ	ñ, ń, nj	𐌽𐌹	-	-
r	ŕ, rr	𐍂𐍂	-	-
ɾ	r	𐍂	-	-
f	f	𐍆	-	-
θ	þ	𐌸	-	-
ð	ð	𐍊	-	-
s	s	𐍃	-	-
ʃ	ś	𐌶	-	-
h	h	𐌷	-	-
w	w	𐍅	-	-
j	j	𐌾	-	-
l	l	𐌻	-	-
ɬ	lh	𐍁	-	-
hʷ	ƕ	𐍈	-	-
Vowels
IPA value	Latin letter	Gothic letter	Native orthography	Notes
ɑ	a, å	𐌰	-	The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker caus ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯	á	𐌰𐌰	-	From an early long a vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
i	i	𐌹	-	-
ei̯~ɛi̯	í	𐌹𐌹	-	From an early long i vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
e̞	e	𐌴	-	-
ei̯~ɘi̯	é	𐌴𐌴	-	From an early long o vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
o̞	o	𐍉	-	-
u̹	ó	𐍉𐍉	-	From an early long o vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
u	u	𐌿	-	-

Samples

Sentences

·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·
‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›
/ˈʔu̜	ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn	|	ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn	|	ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
ó(r)	{b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n		unda-rum-ór-(e)n		fara-rum-(e)n
gen	tree-det-and-gen		bird-det-and-gen		horse-det-gen
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse"
(name of a traditional tale)

Other samples

• I Kronurum has taken part in the Fourth Linguifex Relay. Text of the IK entry (translation from Minhast):

Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.

/ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/

Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.

• I Kronurum has taken part in the Fifth Linguifex Relay. Text of the IK entry (translation from Kharrash):

Alanni Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini, man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini – Dogrili Gogrot

/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/ /ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/ /ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/ /ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | / /ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/ /ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/

Loving Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end I love staying by your fire Because this fire makes me want to know, and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world and remain in time forever – Dogrili Gogrot

• The sheep and the horses, aka "Schleicher's fable":
  

  The text of The sheep and the horses, aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (click on the picture to enlarge).

Ór antarumen fárarumanóren

Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.

The Sheep and the Horses

[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

• "Story of Esro" (original English text by Rhian Davies).
  

  I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by Rhian Davies).

Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.

The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.

• For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "Constructed Languages". The task was proposed as a small game: "From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!":

A verb: gódånur /ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/ gód-å-nur shield-caus-lemma "to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect

A noun: faltahlajrir /ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/ falta-hlajrir table-maker “table-maker”, carpenter

Something idiomatic: a double kenning markówartáþan /ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/ marka-ó-warta-áþan metal-gen-time-dark “metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon