Middle Semitic

Middle Semitic
ܫܡܥ ܡܪܟܙ
Writing	w:Syriac alphabet
Region:	w:Arab world
Genders:	2
Cases:	0
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Proto-language:	w:Proto-Semitic language
Typology:	Fusional
Word-Order	SVO
Languages:	w:Maghrebi Arabic, w:Egyptian Arabic, w:Modern Hebrew w:Neo-Aramaic languages
Population:	290 million
Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL

Anthropology

Main article: Middle Semitic/Anthropology

Jews, Muslims, and Christians get an equal vote, though most aspects are created logically, and not derivationally. Whenever possible, the many dialects of Arabic are consulted, as well as modern Israeli.

Phonology

Main article: Middle Semitic/Phonology

22 consonant, 5 vowels. The sounds, n IPA, with spirantization listed as allophones: a, b~β, d~ð, e, g~ɣ, h, ħ, i, j, k~x, l, m, n, o, p~ɸ, q, r, s, s', ʃ, t, t', u, w, z, ʔ, ʕ

Orthography

Main article: Middle Semitic/Orthography

There is not an exact middle between all the languages. A compromise position is needed at every turn. Neo-Aramaic is the best "middle ground". (RTL) ʾalap, bet, gamal, dalat, he, wo, zen, ḥe, ṭet, yod, kap, lamad, mim, nun, samkat, ʿe, pe, ṣade, qop, reš, šin, to.

Morphophonology

Main article: Middle Semitic/Morphophonology

Pronouns comes in full and cliticized forms. Verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, mood, voice, and stem. The dual is only used in certain cases. Adjectives inflect for number, state, and gender.

Morphosyntax

Word-order is SVO and without case, this is rather strictly enforced. Pro-drop is common due to verbal inflection.

Copula

As in all Semitic languages, copulas very mixed. The shortest summary is this table:

	Past	Non-Past
Existence	ܗܘ hô (copula)	ܝܫ (particle)
Equality	ܟܘܢ kôn (copula)	ܗܘܐ or ܗܝܐ or ܗܘܡ (pronouns)

Prepositions

There are eight "small" prepositions which "conjugate". All other 'prepositions' are actually nouns in the construct state.

	1cs	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1cp	2cp	3cp
ܦ	ܦܢܝ in me	ܦܟܐ in you	ܦܟܝ in you	ܦܗܘ in him	ܦܗܐ in her	ܦܢܘ in us	ܦܟܡ in y'all	ܦܗܡ in them
ܒ	ܒܢܝ on me	ܒܟܐ on you	ܒܟܝ on you	ܒܗܘ on him	ܒܗܐ on her	ܒܢܘ on us	ܒܟܡ on y'all	ܒܗܡ on them
ܠ	ܠܢܝ for me	ܠܟܐ for you	ܠܟܝ for you	ܠܗܘ for him	ܠܗܐ for her	ܠܢܘ for us	ܠܟܡ for y'all	ܠܗܡ for them
ܖܠ	ܖܠܢܝ upon me	ܖܠܟܐ upon you	ܖܠܟܝ upon you	ܖܠܗܘ upon him	ܖܠܗܐ upon her	ܖܠܢܘ upon us	ܖܠܟܡ upon y'all	ܖܠܗܡ upon them
ܖܡ	ܖܡܢܝ with me	ܖܡܟܐ with you	ܖܡܟܝ with you	ܖܡܗܘ with him	ܖܡܗܐ with her	ܖܡܢܘ with us	ܖܡܟܡ with y'all	ܖܡܗܡ with them
ܡܢ	ܡܢܢܝ from me	ܡܢܟܐ from you	ܡܢܟܝ from you	ܡܢܗܘ from him	ܡܢܗܐ from her	ܡܢܢܘ from us	ܡܢܟܡ from y'all	ܡܢܗܡ from them
ܟ	ܟܢܝ like me	ܟܟܐ like you	ܟܟܝ like you	ܟܗܘ like him	ܟܗܐ like her	ܟܢܘ like us	ܟܟܡ like y'all	ܟܗܡ like them
ܒܝܢ	ܒܝܢܢܝ between me	ܒܝܢܟܐ between you	ܒܝܢܟܝ between you	ܒܝܢܗܘ between him	ܒܝܢܗܐ between her	ܒܝܢܢܘ between us	ܒܝܢܟܡ between y'all	ܒܝܢܗܡ between them

Lexicography

For a comparative Swadesh list see Middle Semitic/Swadesh

Texts

See also: Middle Semitic/Dialogue

Shahada

Arabic	Middle Semitic
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ	ܐܫܗܕ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܝܫ ܐܝܠܗ ܐܝܠܠܐ ܗܠ ܐܠܠܗ، ܘܐܫܗܕ ܐܢ ܡܚܡܡܕ ܗܘ ܪܣܘܠ ܗܠ ܐܠܠܗ
aš-ha-du ʾan lā ʾi-lā-ha ʾil-lā ʾal-lāh wa-ʾaš-ha-du ʾan-na mu-ḥam-ma-dan ra-sū-lul-lāh	aš-had an la yiš e-lah el-la hal al-lah, waš-had an mu-ḥam-mad ho ra-sul hal al-lah
I testify that there is no god except Allah, and I testify that Muḥammad is the messenger of Allah.

Shema

Hebrew	Middle Semitic
שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָד	ܣܡܥ ܐܘ ܐܣܪܐܝܠ ܐܕܘܢܝ ܗܘ ܐܝܠܗܢܘ، ܐܕܘܢܝ ܗܘ ܘܚܕ
šəmaʿ Yisrāʾēl Adonai ʾĕlōhênû Adonai ʾeḥād	smaʿ ô isrâ'êl, adônî hô êlahnû, adônî hô waḥad

Jesus Prayer

Greek	Middle Semitic
Κύριε Ἰησοῦ Χριστέ, Υἱὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἐλέησόν με τὸν ἁμαρτωλόν.	Kýrie Iēsoû Christé, Huie toû Theoû, eléēson me tòn hamartōlón.
ܪܒܒܐ ܝܣܘܥ ܡܣܝܚ، ܒܝܢ ܗܠ ܐܝܠܗ، ܪܚܡ ܥܠܢܝ ܗܠ ܚܛܝܐ	rabbâ yisûʿ masîḥ, bên hal 'êlah, rǝḥam ʿalnî hal ḥaṭîyâ.