単亜語: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{Infobox Universal Language
| color = #CDCB2B
| name = Dan'a'yo
| altname = 単亜語
| Writing System = 新字体
| region = East Asia
| genders =0
| cases = 0
| alignment =
| proto = [[w:Sinosphere]]
| Type = Analytic
| word-order = SVO
| child1 = [[w:Korean language]]
| child2 = [[w:Japanese language]]
| child3 = [[w:Chinese language]]
| child4 = [[w:Vietnamese language]]
| population = 1500
| flag =East asian flag.png
}}
{{Ruby|単亜語|단아요}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].  It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|{{Ruby|新字体|신지테}}]] standards of Japan.  The Hangǔl alphabet is presented at the same time (whenever possible), and is also used for phonetic transcription.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.


[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
== Anthropology ==
{{Main|単亜語/Anthropology}}


{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. It uses Chinese characters for all of its native writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan. [[w:Hangul]] is used for foreign sounds or phonetic spelling.   It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], and uses postpositions.
Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. The ancient [[w:Imperial examination]] ({{Ruby|科挙|콰교}}) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same [[w:Chinese classics]] and learned the same law codes.  Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate.  With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking [[w:Classical Chinese]] and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.
 
The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese.  Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common.  They even share some vocabulary.  (There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven.)  There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence.  There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from.  Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.
 
=== Phonologies ===
Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region.  Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest.  The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system.  All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels.  Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda, and Cantonese is a close second.  Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ in the coda.  Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/.  In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn ''something'', but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.
 
Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in.  The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole.  Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write.  A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters.  A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon.  Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants.  Korean Hangǔl is generally well-suited, though one coda off-glide requires abuse of notation.
 
Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region.  Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process.  Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age.  Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride.  Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education.  Many teaching resources are still needed.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 12 consonants.  Immediately upon seeking a common ground across East Asia, one encounters a great deal of diversity.  Japanese is definitely the outlier, with the most restrictive sound inventory of all.  Only Japanese does not contrast aspirated and unaspirated stops<ref>http://wals.info/feature/4A#4/28.77/115.93</ref>, instead opting for the more European-sounding voicing contrast<ref>http://wals.info/feature/5A#4/25.40/121.38</ref>.  This distinction is difficult for Japanese-speakers to learn, but if the feature is not contrastive in affricates, it is easier<ref>http://www.conforg.fr/acoustics2008/cdrom/data/fa2005-budapest/paper/505-1.pdf</ref>.  The operating principle of sound selection is, '''no other sounds than Japanese has, but including Japanese allophones'''.  Japanese and Korean speakers will experience the same difficulty with /l/ vs /ɾ/ as they do with Europeans.
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="8"|Consonants
! colspan="5"|Consonants
|-
|-
! !!  唇/Labial !!  舌/Alveolar !!  齒/Coronal !! 牙/Velar
!
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
! Palatal
!  Velar
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! 次/Nasals
!Nasals
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㄴ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|
|'''ㅇ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small>
|'''ㄴ ''' <small>/n/</small>
|'''ㅇ''' <small>/ŋ/</small>
|-
|-
! 塞/Stops
! Aspirates
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b/</small>
|'''ㅍ''' <small>/pʰ/</small>
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d/</small>
|'''ㅌ''' <small>/tʰ/</small>
|
| '''ㅊ''' <small>/t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/</small>
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g/</small>
|'''ㅋ''' <small>/kʰ/</small>
|-
|-
! 塞擦/Affricates
! Voiced
| ||
| '''ㅂ''' <small>/b~p/</small>
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ/</small>
| '''ㄷ''' <small>/d~t/</small>
|
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/dʑ~tɕ/</small>
| '''ㄱ''' <small>/g~k/</small>
|-
|-
! 清/Fricatives
!Fricatives
|
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
|'''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
| '''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ x (ɸᵝ)/</small>
|-
|-
! 次濁/Approximants
! Sonorants
| '''와''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small>
|''w'' <small>/w/</small>
| '''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|'''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
| '''야''' <small>/j/</small>
|''y''<small>/j/</small>
|
|
|}
|}
Vowels are also difficult to achieve consensus on.  Mandarin and Japanese have the most limited systems<ref>http://wals.info/feature/2A#4/24.37/120.06</ref>. The world's most common and usable system -- with five, cardinal vowels -- was chosen for maximum compatiblity, and some combinations are excluded (see below). Again, much allophony and tolerance will be used and needed between parties.  There are two ways to write /u/, but only one (우) is used in native transcription.  The other (으) is used in transliteration, to break up consonant clusters.  It is whatever epenthetic vowel is common for the speaker.  Japanese will realize these as /ɯᵝ/, Koreans as /ɯ/, Mandarin-speakers as /ɨ/, Cantonese as /ʊ/, and Vietnamese as /ə̆/.
(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.)  While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language's speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.  
 


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
Line 59: Line 93:
| '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
| '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
|
|
| '''우/으''' <small>/u ~ ʊ/</small>
| '''우''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small>
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| '''에''' <small>/e ~ ɛ /</small>
| '''어''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small>
|
|
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small>
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small>
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä ~ ɑ/</small>
| colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small>
|}
|}
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international! Long vowels do not exist, per se, even if the Latin transcription appears as though they do.  웃/'uu and 의/'ii are actually said as /uʊ/, /uu̵/, or /uǝ/; and /iǝ/ or /ii̵/ respectively.  Additionally, there is an epenthetic vowel, which varies considerably among the target nations.  It's written as 으 and transcribed as ǔ, and it may be pronounced /ɯ/, /ɯ<sup>β</sup>/, /ɨ/, /ǝ/, or /ʊ/.  This is only used in transcribing foreign words.
=== Tone/Prosody ===
Even for speakers of a tonal language, learning a new set of tones is difficult.  Therefore, syllabic tones are not phonemic in Dan'a'yo.  However, to easy listening and to distinguish the boundaries between words, the following intonation principles are used:


Because tone is not present in all languages<ref>http://wals.info/feature/13A#4/25.72/126.39</ref> and learning tone is extremely prohibitive, tone is not phonemic in {{PAGENAME}}, and prosody is not specified.  Sentence Final Particles (SFPs) are mandatory to indicate any modality other than simple, declarative sentences.
* The main (finite) verb of an utterance should be the highest point of it.
* The head of a phrase should be the highest point of it.
* The main vowel of a syllable should be the highest point of it.
* The first character's syllable of a compound word should be the highest point of it.
 
This can be helpful in distinguishing {{Ruby|大|대}} {{Ruby|学生|학상}} 'big student' from {{Ruby|大学生|대학상}} 'college student', as the first is H HL, while the second is HLL.
 
Pitch cannot be used to indicate a question.  Please use the SFP {{Ruby|乎|호}} to make a polar-question.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure.  WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>.  Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system.  A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)<ref>http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61</ref>.  The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/.  The coda can be /i/, /u/, an underspecified nasal, or an underspecified stop (including the not-otherwise-present /ʔ/).  Both the coda stop and the coda nasal assimilate before subsequent consonants in order to be homorganic.  
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT.  The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.  Each syllable has no effect upon the next.


Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated.  Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime (since many with pronounce /t/ + /j/ that way).  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.
For a complete chart of all possible Hanmun syllables, see [[単亜語/Syllables]].


{| width="50%"
== Syntax ==
| m, n <br /> p, t, k <br /> s, h <br /> y, l, w
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after.  There are no particles to mark subject or object. 
| style="vertical-align: middle;" | +
 
| i, u <br /> e, o <br /> a, ya
 
| +
{| class="bluetable"
| N <br /> P <br /> y, w
! Relationship
! Particle
! English
! Mandarin
! Cantonese
! Japanese
! Korean
! Vietnamese
|-
! Topic
|
| as for
| -
| -
| は wa
| 은/는 (n)ǔn
| cái
|-
! Vocative
| {{Ruby|哉|재}}
| O
|
| ya
| yeo
| 야
|-
! Dative
| {{Ruby|于|우}}
| to
| -
| -
| に
| 에게
| đến
|-
! Genitive
| {{Ruby|之|티}}
| of
| 的
| 嘅
| の
| 의
| của
|-
! Instrumental
| {{Ruby|以|이}}
| by
| 用
| 用
| で
| 로/으로
|
|-
! Locative
| {{Ruby|於|오}}
| in, on, at
| 在
| 喺
| に
| 에
|
|-
! Comitative
| {{Ruby|共|굥}}
| together with
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Assoc. Pl.
| {{Ruby|等|둥}}
| et. al.
| 們
| 哋
| たち
| 들
| tôi/tao/
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Perfective
| {{Ruby|已|이}}
| -ed
| 了
| 咗
| た/だ
| 았/었
| đã
|-
! Progressive
| {{Ruby|中|중}}
| -ing
|
|
|
| 아/어
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Nominalizer
| {{Ruby|物|묻}}
| -ed
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Nominalizer
| {{Ruby|事|지}}
| -ing
|
|
| こと
| ~기, ~는 것, ~음/ㅁ
|
|-
! Adnominalizer
| {{Ruby|之|티}}
|
|
|
| の
| 의
|
|-
! Adverbializer
| {{Ruby|様|양}}
| -ly
| 地/一點/得
| 
| く/に
| -히/-게
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! NP And
| {{Ruby|与|오}}
| and
| 和 hé
| 及 kap6
| と
| 와/과
| và
|-
! VP And
| {{Ruby|而|니}}
| and
| 以及/yǐjí
|
| そして
| 그리고
| và
|}
|}


== Writing ==
===Sentence Final Particles===
{{PAGENAME}} recognizes that while Chinese characters may be common in Japan and China, they are less so in Korea and absent from Vietnamese popular education.  Therefore, the total number of logograms in use in {{PAGENAME}} is kept to under 2000.  Pronunciations are regularly derived from Middle Chinese, and then adapted to a consensus position between Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese.
 


The form of Chinese characters have changed in the last century, with the development of Simplified Characters in Mainland China.  However, these are not taught in Korea and elsewhere.  Therefore, a medial position has been chosen, that of Japanese [[w:Shinjitai]] (新字体).
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! First
| {{Ruby|我|아}}
| {{Ruby|我等|아둥}}
|-
! Second
| {{Ruby|君|군}}
| {{Ruby|君等|군둥}}
|}


Because Chinese characters do not contain enough phonetic information, and because transcribing sounds is also needed, a phonetic alphabet is also needed.  Katakana is useful, but is not helpful in spelling foreign words.  The Latin alphabet is not indigenous enough.  Hangul was chosen because it required the least modification.  Whenever possible, in order to facilitate learning by newcomers, Hangul should be written as Ruby, like this:  {{ruby|東京|동공}}.  Only words which are not {{PAGENAME}} should be written as 韓文 alone: 도오교오 (日本).  Foreign words maybe spelled with Korean characters and combinations not used in {{PAGENAME}}.
<br clear="both" />


The {{PAGENAME}} system of Hangul is slightly different from standard Korean.  Some syllables must be written with one of two diacritical marks.  Syllables may end in an off-glide, which has to be written as as &nbsp; ̩ (\0329) or &nbsp; ̞ (\031E). When these special characters are unavailable, the simple Korean vowels ㅣ (\3163), ㅜ (\315C) may follow the text. As a last resort, a Latin capital 'T' and a "pipe" may be used.
=== Classifiers ===
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.
{| class="bluetable"
! Classifier
! Use
|-
| {{Ruby|人|닌}}
| people (general)
|-
| {{Ruby|名|밍}}
| people (polite)
|-
| {{Ruby|台|대}}
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
|-
| {{Ruby|匹|핃}}
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc.)
|-
| {{Ruby|冊|착}}
| books, magazines, etc.
|-
| {{Ruby|杯|뵈}}
| cups of some drink
|-
| {{Ruby|枚|뫼}}
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc.)
|-
| {{Ruby|条|조}}
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc.)
|-
| {{Ruby|段|돤}}
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc.)
|-
| {{Ruby|束|쇽}}
| bundles (groups, bouquets, bales, etc.)
|-
| 個 ''ka''
| anything else
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is.  This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
! colspan="25" | {{PAGENAME}} Syllables
{| class="bluetable"
! Determiner
! Use
! Example
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
| {{Ruby|阿|아}}
! colspan="23" | rime
| name, endonym
| {{Ruby|盧|로}}{{Ruby|泰愚|태우}} {{Ruby|是|서}} "노터우" ({{Ruby|阿|아}})
|-
|-
! colspan="5" |ㅏ
| {{Ruby|蛙|와}}
! colspan="5" | ㅑ
| amphibians
! colspan="3" | ㅔ
| {{Ruby|蠑螈|용원}} ({{Ruby|蛙|와}})
! colspan="3" | ㅗ
! colspan="4" | ㅜ
! colspan="3" | ㅣ
|-
|-
!  || 鼻 || 塞 || W || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞 || W || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞 ||  || 鼻 || 塞 ||  || 鼻 || 塞 || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞
| {{Ruby|鳥|촛}}
| birds
| Japanese quail ウズラ = 우주라 ({{Ruby|鳥|촛}})
|-
|-
! ㄱ
| {{Ruby|魚|요}}
| 가 || 강 || 각 || 가̞ || 가̩ || 갸 || 걍 || 갹 || 갸̞ || 갸̩ || 게 || 겡 || 겍 || 고 || 공 || 곡 || 구 || 궁 || 국 || 구̩ || 기 || 깅 || 긱
| fish
| ネコギギ = 너코기기 ({{Ruby|魚|요}})
|-
|-
!ㄴ
| {{Ruby|虫|중}}
| 나 || 낭 || 낙 || 나̞ || 나̩ || 냐 || 냥 || 냑 || 냐̞ || 냐̩ || 네 || 넹 || 넥 || 노 || 농 || 녹 || 누 || 눙 || 눅 || 누̩ || 니 || 닝 || 닉
| invertebrates, bugs, snakes
| {{Ruby|蛞蝓|칻유}} ({{Ruby|虫|중}})
|-
|-
!ㄷ
| {{Ruby|獣|슈}}
| 다 || 당 || 닥 || 다̞ || 다̩ || 댜 || 댱 || 댝 || 댜̞ || 댜̩ || 데 || 뎅 || 덱 || 도 || 동 || 독 || 두 || 둥 || 둑 || 두̩ || 디 || 딩 || 딕
| mammals
| {{Ruby|狐猿|호온}} ({{Ruby|獣|슈}})
|-
|-
!ㄹ
| {{Ruby|龍|룡}}
| 라 || 랑 || 락 || 라̞ || 라̩ || 랴 || 량 || 략 || 랴̞ || 랴̩ || 레 || 렝 || 렉 || 로 || 롱 || 록 || 루 || 룽 || 룩 || 루̩ || 리 || 링 || 릭
| reptiles
| {{Ruby|暴龍|복룡}} = 티란노삿루스 ({{Ruby|龍|룡}})
|-
|-
!ㅁ
| {{Ruby|花|화}}
| 마 || 망 || 막 || 마̞ || 마̩ || 먀 || 먕 || 먁 || 먀̞ || 먀̩ || 메 || 멩 || 멕 || 모 || 몽 || 목 || 무 || 뭉 || 묵 || 무̩ || 미 || 밍 || 믹
| flowers
| Venus flytrap = 디오나어아 ({{Ruby|花|화}})
|-
|-
!ㅂ
| {{Ruby|草|찻}}
| 바 || 방 || 박 || 바̞ || 바̩ || 뱌 || 뱡 || 뱍 || 뱌̞ || 뱌̩ || 베 || 벵 || 벡 || 보 || 봉 || 복 || 부 || 붕 || 북 || 부̩ || 비 || 빙 || 빅
| grass, herb
| basil = 바지르 ({{Ruby|草|찻}})
|-
|-
!ㅅ
| {{Ruby|木|목}}
| 사 || 상 || 삭 || 사̞ || 사̩ || 샤 || 샹 || 샥 || 샤̞ || 샤̩ || 세 || 셍 || 섹 || 소 || 속 || 송 || 수 || 숭 || 숙 || 수̩ || 시 || 싱 || 식
| trees, bushes
| redwood = 서쾨아 ({{Ruby|木|목}})
|-
|-
!ㅈ
! colspan="3"|
| 자 || 장 || 작 || 자̞ || 자̩
| colspan="5" | || 제 || 젱 || 젝 || 조 || 종 || 족 || 주 || 중 || 죽 || 주̩ || 지 || 징 || 직
|-
|-
!ㅎ
| {{Ruby|服|북}}
| 하 || 항 || 학 || 하̞ || 하̩ || 햐 || 향 || 햑 || 햐̞ || 햐̩ || 헤 || 헹 || 헥 || 호 || 홍 || 혹 || 후 || 훙 || 훅 || 후̩ || 히 || 힝 || 힉
| clothes
| きもの = 키모노 ({{Ruby|服|북}})
|-
|-
!ㅇ
| {{Ruby|飯|본}}
| 아 || 앙 || 악 || 아̞ || 아̩ || 야 || 양 || 약 || 야̞ || 야̩ || 에 || 엥 || 엑 || 오 || 옹 || 옥 || 우 || 웅 || 욱 || 우̩ || 이 || 잉 || 익
| meals, food
| 비빔밥 ({{Ruby|飯|본}})
|-
|-
!w/y
| {{Ruby|機|긔}}
| 와 || 왕 || 왁 || || 와̩
| device, tool
| colspan="5" | 
| iPad = 애파드 ({{Ruby|機|긔}})
| 예 || 옝 || 옉 || 요 || 용 || 욕 || 유 || 융 || 육 || 유̩
|-
| colspan="3" |  
| {{Ruby|義|위}}
| idea, movement
| ubuntu = 우분투 ({{Ruby|義|위}})
|-
| {{Ruby|構|곳}}
| building
| Burj Khalifa = 부르즈 카리파 ({{Ruby|構|곳}})
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
===Demonstratives and indefinite===
{| border="1"
Demonstratives occur in the {{Ruby|此|처}}, {{Ruby|其|기}}, and {{Ruby|彼|비}} series. The first (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the medial series for things closer to the hearer, and the distal series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With {{Ruby|何|하}}, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
| (NounPhrase<sub>TOPIC</sub> + {{ruby|者|자}})?
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
| (NounPhrase<sub>SUBJ.</sub>)?
!
| PostpositionalPhrase*
! Proximal ({{Ruby|此|처}})
| VerbPhrase
! Medial ({{Ruby|其|기}})
| (NounPhrase<sub>OBJ.</sub>)?
! Distal ({{Ruby|彼|비}})
| SentenceFinalParticle*
! Interrogative ({{Ruby|何|하}})
! Cyclic ({{Ruby|毎|뫼}})
! Existential ({{Ruby|某|못}})
! Universal ({{Ruby|皆|겨}})
|-
! Act ({{Ruby|事|지}}
| {{Ruby|此事|처지}} <br />''this''
| {{Ruby|其事|기지}} <br />''that''
| {{Ruby|彼事|비지}} <br />''yon''
| {{Ruby|何事|하지}} <br />''what''
| {{Ruby|毎事|뫼지}} <br />''for each''
| {{Ruby|某事|못지}} <br />''something''
| {{Ruby|皆事|겨지}} <br />''everything''
|-
! Object ({{Ruby|物|묻}})
| {{Ruby|此物|처묻}} <br />''this one''
| {{Ruby|其物|기묻}} <br />''that one''
| {{Ruby|彼物|비묻}} <br />''yon one''
| {{Ruby|何物|하묻}} <br />''which''
| {{Ruby|毎物|뫼묻}} <br />''for each one''
| {{Ruby|某物|못묻}} <br />''something''
| {{Ruby|皆物|겨묻}} <br />''everything''
|-
! Person ({{Ruby|人|닌}})
| {{Ruby|此人|처닌}} <br />''him/her''
| {{Ruby|其人|기닌}} <br />''him/her''
| {{Ruby|彼人|비닌}} <br />''him/her''
| {{Ruby|誰|셰}} <br />''who''
| {{Ruby|毎人|뫼닌}} <br />''per person''
| {{Ruby|某人|못닌}} <br />''someone''
| {{Ruby|皆人|겨닌}} <br />''everyone''
|-
! Place ({{Ruby|処|초}})
| {{Ruby|此処|처초}} <br />''here''
| {{Ruby|其処|기초}} <br />''there''
| {{Ruby|彼処|비초}} <br />''yonder''
| {{Ruby|何処|하초}} <br>where
| {{Ruby|毎処|뫼초}} <br />''per place''
| {{Ruby|某処|못초}} <br />''somewhere''
| {{Ruby|皆処|겨초}} <br />''everywhere''
|-
! Time ({{Ruby|時|시}})
| {{Ruby|此時|처시}} <br />''now''
| {{Ruby|其時|기시}} <br />''then''
| {{Ruby|彼時|비시}} <br />''that other time''
| {{Ruby|何時|하시}} <br />''when''
| {{Ruby|毎時|뫼시}} <br />''per time''
| {{Ruby|某時|못시}} <br />''sometime''
| {{Ruby|皆時|겨시}} <br />''always''
|-
! Manner ({{Ruby|様|양}})
| {{Ruby|此様|처양}} <br />''in this manner''
| {{Ruby|其様|기양}} <br />''in that manner''
| {{Ruby|彼様|비양}} <br />''in that other manner''
| {{Ruby|何様|하영}} <br />''how''
| {{Ruby|毎様|뫼영}} <br />''each manner''
| {{Ruby|某様|못영}} <br />''somehow''
| {{Ruby|皆様|겨영}} <br />''in all ways''
|-
! Quantity ({{Ruby|多|다}})
| {{Ruby|此多|처다}} <br />''this many''
| {{Ruby|其多|기다}} <br />''that many''
| {{Ruby|彼多|비다}} <br />''yon many''
| {{Ruby|何多|하다}} <br />''how many''
| {{Ruby|毎多|뫼다}} <br />''per quantity''
| {{Ruby|某多|못다}} <br />''some amount''
| {{Ruby|皆多|겨다}} <br />''all amounts''
|-
! Kind ({{Ruby|類|뤼}})
| {{Ruby|此類|처뤼}} <br />''this kind''
| {{Ruby|其類|기뤼}} <br />''that kind''
| {{Ruby|彼類|비뤼}} <br />''yon kind''
| {{Ruby|何類|하뤼}} <br />''what kind''
| {{Ruby|毎類|뫼뤼}} <br />''totally''
| {{Ruby|某類|못뤼}} <br />''some kind''
| {{Ruby|皆類|겨뤼}} <br />''every king''
|}
|}


{{PAGENAME}} is has a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.  The languages of Asian are split SVO/SOV<ref>http://wals.info/feature/81A#4/27.29/130.08</ref> but because SOV requires making the nominative '''''and''''' accusative, SVO was chosen.  Adverbial phrases and oblique arguments must precede the verb<ref>http://wals.info/feature/84A#4/25.80/126.04</ref>.  The language uses postpositions, genitives precede their noun, as do adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses.   {{PAGENAME}} is a topic-prominent language, featuring pro-drop, wh-word in situ, and copula-drop.
== Lexica ==
{{Main|Dan'a'yo/Lexicography}}
Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,592 (as of 2024).  This is done by only drawing characters from the standard lists of each country (CJK).  Characters that are inventions of anyone country as banned.  Characters which are not common or strictly necessary are banned.  Similar characters are sometimes lumped together, especially if they are obscure.  The "weight" of any character is determined by its place in the following national lists:
* China: The [[単亜語/HSK|HSK]] (漢語水平考試).  There are six sub-section to this list. 
* Japan: The [[単亜語/常用|常用漢字]] (Jōyō), including 6 grades, a high school list, plus a name list.  Most every character is allowed. We also include Extended Shinjitai.
* Korea: The [[単亜語/敎育用基礎漢字|敎育用基礎漢字]] (교육용 기초 한자), including middle school, and high school lists. The list of characters allowed in names is profligate (as more than one scholar has noted) and is often curtailed.   
Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own.  Characters which are not words have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character.  Every character – in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have ever been used – is assigned to one of five categories:  
# Common - ([[単亜語/常用字|常用字]]) These 1931 characters are the bedrock of the language and may be used freely.  They are further divided into six levels, solely for the purpose of aiding learning.
# Variants - (異体字) These are disallowed ways of writing a given character, mainly arising from national and font differences.  It is also a way of appropriating many, many additional characters into simply being aliases of established characters. Only the Shinjitai, listed form of the character is "correct".
# Advanced ([[単亜語/先進字|先進字]]) These 276 characters are useful for situations when Dan'a'yo needs to function like a native language, and speak on any topic, but are considered extra learning.  Their usage is restricted in international and cosmopolitan situations, which are intended to be maximally inclusive.
# Name ([[単亜語/名字|名字]]) These are 385 characters that detail the specific names of species and municipalities, which must always be safeguarded with a determiner, which identifies them as such.
# Illegal ([[単亜語/違法字|違法字]]) Finally, there are some characters which are the provenance of one country only, and are therefore ''banned'' in Dan'a'yo. There are about 372 of these, though most have been out of circulation for centuries, if they ever were.


=== Nouns ===
=== Word lists ===
{{ruby|<big>象</big>|샹}}{{ruby|者|자}} {{ruby|<big>飛行機</big>|비항기}} {{ruby|<big>用</big>|용}} {{ruby|<big>汽油</big>|기유}}
* [[単亜語/Swadesh]]


''Regarding elephants, airplanes use gasoline.''
== Sample ==
=== Classical Texts ===
* 四書
*# [[単亜語/論語]] - The ''Analects'' of Confucius
*# [[単亜語/大学]] - ''Great Learning'' (not 'college!)
*# [[単亜語/中庸]] - The ''Doctrine of the Mean''
*# [[単亜語/孟子]] - ''Mencius''
* 五経
*# [[単亜語/詩経]]
*# [[単亜語/書経]]
*# [[単亜語/礼記]]
*# [[単亜語/易経]]
*# [[単亜語/春秋]]
* 西遊記
* [[単亜語/道徳経]] - The ''Tao Te Ching'', or 닷둑겅
* [[単亜語/孫子兵法]] - ''Sun Tzu's Art of War''
* [[単亜語/荘子]] - Zhuangzi
* [[単亜語/説苑]], 刺客列傳, 列女傳
=== Modern ===
* [[単亜語/218 sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
* [[単亜語/英雄]] - ''Hero'' move subtitles
* [[単亜語/宣言書]] - Korean Declaration of Independence
* [[単亜語/玉音放送]] - The Emperor's broadcast ending WWII
* [[単亜語/出身論]] - "On Class Origins" is an article by Yu Luoke and published in January 1967 in the Journal of Middle-School Cultural Revolution.


Unlike English, most of the languages of Asia are verb-centric. This can be discerned by the fact that adjectives are stative verbs, not substantive nouns. In all the languages of our region, nouns are not marked for number, gender, or case. 
== Links ==
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]


Word order determines a great deal of meaning.  Topics must come first in the sentence and be marked with the postposition {{ruby|者|자}}.  The subject may be dropped.  Postpositional phrases must come before the verb.  Objects must come after the verb.  Topics serve a variety of grammatical roles, but one of the most important is possession, which is indicated by POSSESSOR-topic POSSESSEE exist.


==== The Noun Phrase ====
== References ==
{| border="1"
<references />
| (Determiner - [ {{ruby|此|지}} or {{ruby|其|기}} or {{ruby|彼|비}} ])?
== Bibliography ==
| AdjectivalPhrase*
=== Linguistics ===
| Noun
: Holm, John A. ''Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure ''. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
| (Honorific Suffix - {{ruby|尊|존}})?
: ---. ''Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey ''. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
| ClassifierPhrase
: McWhorter, John. ''Language A to Z''.  Columbia University.  The Great Courses, 2013.  CD and booklet.
|}
=== Chinese ===
The noun phrase consists of an optional determiner ({{ruby|此|지}}, {{ruby|其|기}}, or {{ruby|彼|비}}), any adjectival phrases, the noun itself, an optional honorific suffix ({{ruby|尊|존}}), an optional plural suffix (simple or associative), and an optional classifier phrase.
: Kroll, Paul W. ''A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese''. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
: Miller, Roy A. ''Dictionary of Spoken Chinese''.  Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
: Rouzer, Paul. ''A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.
=== Japanese ===
: Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. ''Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar'' (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.
=== Korean ===
: Martin, Samuel E. ''Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language.'' Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
: 新活用玉篇.  Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975
=== Language Construction ===
: Okrent, Arika. ''In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius''. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
: Rosenfelder, Mark. ''The Language Construction Kit''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
: ---. ''The Planet Construction Kit''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
: ---. ''Advanced Language Construction''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
: ---. ''The Conlanger's Lexipedia''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.


==== Pronouns ====
The most polite thing to do is drop the pronoun.  This is humble if you are speak about yourself, and it is middle-ground for speaking to another.  To be polite, use the person's title.  Using their name or "you" is much more intimate.
=== Verbs ===
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|붇ˉ}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|한}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|존}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|라̞}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|가}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|주}} for irrealis).
<references />


=== Sentence Final Particles ===
[[Category:A posteriori‎]]
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
[[Category:Dan'a'yo]]
{{Aquatiki}}

Latest revision as of 19:46, 27 September 2024

Dan'a'yo
単亜語
Universal Language Map
Writingw:新字体
Region:w:East Asia
Genders:0
Cases:0
Proto-language:w:Sinosphere
Typology:Analytic
Word-OrderSVO
Languages:w:Korean language,

w:Japanese language, w:Chinese language w:Vietnamese language

Population:1500 million
Flag of Dan'a'yo

Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL

単亜語(단아요) is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the East Asian cultural sphere. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the 新字体(신지테) standards of Japan. The Hangǔl alphabet is presented at the same time (whenever possible), and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.

Anthropology

Main article: 単亜語/Anthropology

Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. The ancient w:Imperial examination (科挙(콰교)) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same w:Chinese classics and learned the same law codes. Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate. With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking w:Classical Chinese and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.

The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese. Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common. They even share some vocabulary. (There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven.) There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence. There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.

Phonologies

Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region. Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest. The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system. All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels. Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda, and Cantonese is a close second. Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ in the coda. Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/. In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn something, but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.

Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in. The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole. Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write. A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters. A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon. Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants. Korean Hangǔl is generally well-suited, though one coda off-glide requires abuse of notation.

Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region. Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process. Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age. Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride. Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education. Many teaching resources are still needed.

Phonology

単亜語 has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.

単亜語 Consonants
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasals ㅁ /m/ ㄴ /n/ ㅇ /ŋ/
Aspirates ㅍ /pʰ/ ㅌ /tʰ/ ㅊ /t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/ ㅋ /kʰ/
Voiced ㅂ /b~p/ ㄷ /d~t/ ㅈ /dʑ~tɕ/ ㄱ /g~k/
Fricatives ㅅ /s ~ ɕ/ ㅎ /h ~ ɦ ~ x/
Sonorants w /w/ ㄹ /l ~ ɾ/ y/j/

(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.) While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language's speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.


単亜語 Vowels
Vowels
Front Central Back
High 이 /i ~ ɪ/ 우 /u ~ ɯ/
Mid 어 /e ~ e̞/ 오 /o ~ o̞/
Low 아 /a ~ ä/

Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international! Long vowels do not exist, per se, even if the Latin transcription appears as though they do. 웃/'uu and 의/'ii are actually said as /uʊ/, /uu̵/, or /uǝ/; and /iǝ/ or /ii̵/ respectively. Additionally, there is an epenthetic vowel, which varies considerably among the target nations. It's written as 으 and transcribed as ǔ, and it may be pronounced /ɯ/, /ɯβ/, /ɨ/, /ǝ/, or /ʊ/. This is only used in transcribing foreign words.

Tone/Prosody

Even for speakers of a tonal language, learning a new set of tones is difficult. Therefore, syllabic tones are not phonemic in Dan'a'yo. However, to easy listening and to distinguish the boundaries between words, the following intonation principles are used:

  • The main (finite) verb of an utterance should be the highest point of it.
  • The head of a phrase should be the highest point of it.
  • The main vowel of a syllable should be the highest point of it.
  • The first character's syllable of a compound word should be the highest point of it.

This can be helpful in distinguishing 大(대) 学生(학상) 'big student' from 大学生(대학상) 'college student', as the first is H HL, while the second is HLL.

Pitch cannot be used to indicate a question. Please use the SFP 乎(호) to make a polar-question.

Phonotactics

Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng. Each syllable has no effect upon the next.

For a complete chart of all possible Hanmun syllables, see 単亜語/Syllables.

Syntax

Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after. There are no particles to mark subject or object.


Relationship Particle English Mandarin Cantonese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Topic as for - - は wa 은/는 (n)ǔn cái
Vocative 哉(재) O ya yeo 야
Dative 于(우) to - - に 에게 đến
Genitive 之(티) of 的 嘅 の 의 của
Instrumental 以(이) by 用 用 で 로/으로
Locative 於(오) in, on, at 在 喺 に 에
Comitative 共(굥) together with
Assoc. Pl. 等(둥) et. al. 們 哋 たち 들 tôi/tao/
Perfective 已(이) -ed 了 咗 た/だ 았/었 đã
Progressive 中(중) -ing 아/어
Nominalizer 物(묻) -ed
Nominalizer 事(지) -ing こと ~기, ~는 것, ~음/ㅁ
Adnominalizer 之(티) の 의
Adverbializer 様(양) -ly 地/一點/得 く/に -히/-게
NP And 与(오) and 和 hé 及 kap6 と 와/과 và
VP And 而(니) and 以及/yǐjí そして 그리고 và

Sentence Final Particles

Pronouns

Singular Plural
Casual First 我(아) 我等(아둥)
Second 君(군) 君等(군둥)


Classifiers

Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.

Classifier Use
人(닌) people (general)
名(밍) people (polite)
台(대) machines (computers, cars, etc)
匹(핃) animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc.)
冊(착) books, magazines, etc.
杯(뵈) cups of some drink
枚(뫼) flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc.)
条(조) long objects (pencils, noodles, etc.)
段(돤) periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc.)
束(쇽) bundles (groups, bouquets, bales, etc.)
個 ka anything else

Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.

Determiner Use Example
阿(아) name, endonym 盧(로)泰愚(태우) 是(서) "노터우" (阿(아))
蛙(와) amphibians 蠑螈(용원) (蛙(와))
鳥(촛) birds Japanese quail ウズラ = 우주라 (鳥(촛))
魚(요) fish ネコギギ = 너코기기 (魚(요))
虫(중) invertebrates, bugs, snakes 蛞蝓(칻유) (虫(중))
獣(슈) mammals 狐猿(호온) (獣(슈))
龍(룡) reptiles 暴龍(복룡) = 티란노삿루스 (龍(룡))
花(화) flowers Venus flytrap = 디오나어아 (花(화))
草(찻) grass, herb basil = 바지르 (草(찻))
木(목) trees, bushes redwood = 서쾨아 (木(목))
服(북) clothes きもの = 키모노 (服(북))
飯(본) meals, food 비빔밥 (飯(본))
機(긔) device, tool iPad = 애파드 (機(긔))
義(위) idea, movement ubuntu = 우분투 (義(위))
構(곳) building Burj Khalifa = 부르즈 카리파 (構(곳))

Demonstratives and indefinite

Demonstratives occur in the 此(처), 其(기), and 彼(비) series. The first (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the medial series for things closer to the hearer, and the distal series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何(하), demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.

Proximal (此(처)) Medial (其(기)) Distal (彼(비)) Interrogative (何(하)) Cyclic (毎(뫼)) Existential (某(못)) Universal (皆(겨))
Act (事(지) 此事(처지)
this 		其事(기지)
that 		彼事(비지)
yon 		何事(하지)
what 		毎事(뫼지)
for each 		某事(못지)
something 		皆事(겨지)
everything
Object (物(묻)) 此物(처묻)
this one 		其物(기묻)
that one 		彼物(비묻)
yon one 		何物(하묻)
which 		毎物(뫼묻)
for each one 		某物(못묻)
something 		皆物(겨묻)
everything
Person (人(닌)) 此人(처닌)
him/her 		其人(기닌)
him/her 		彼人(비닌)
him/her 		誰(셰)
who 		毎人(뫼닌)
per person 		某人(못닌)
someone 		皆人(겨닌)
everyone
Place (処(초)) 此処(처초)
here 		其処(기초)
there 		彼処(비초)
yonder 		何処(하초)
where 		毎処(뫼초)
per place 		某処(못초)
somewhere 		皆処(겨초)
everywhere
Time (時(시)) 此時(처시)
now 		其時(기시)
then 		彼時(비시)
that other time 		何時(하시)
when 		毎時(뫼시)
per time 		某時(못시)
sometime 		皆時(겨시)
always
Manner (様(양)) 此様(처양)
in this manner 		其様(기양)
in that manner 		彼様(비양)
in that other manner 		何様(하영)
how 		毎様(뫼영)
each manner 		某様(못영)
somehow 		皆様(겨영)
in all ways
Quantity (多(다)) 此多(처다)
this many 		其多(기다)
that many 		彼多(비다)
yon many 		何多(하다)
how many 		毎多(뫼다)
per quantity 		某多(못다)
some amount 		皆多(겨다)
all amounts
Kind (類(뤼)) 此類(처뤼)
this kind 		其類(기뤼)
that kind 		彼類(비뤼)
yon kind 		何類(하뤼)
what kind 		毎類(뫼뤼)
totally 		某類(못뤼)
some kind 		皆類(겨뤼)
every king

Lexica

Main article: Dan'a'yo/Lexicography

Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,592 (as of 2024). This is done by only drawing characters from the standard lists of each country (CJK). Characters that are inventions of anyone country as banned. Characters which are not common or strictly necessary are banned. Similar characters are sometimes lumped together, especially if they are obscure. The "weight" of any character is determined by its place in the following national lists:

  • China: The HSK (漢語水平考試). There are six sub-section to this list.
  • Japan: The 常用漢字 (Jōyō), including 6 grades, a high school list, plus a name list. Most every character is allowed. We also include Extended Shinjitai.
  • Korea: The 敎育用基礎漢字 (교육용 기초 한자), including middle school, and high school lists. The list of characters allowed in names is profligate (as more than one scholar has noted) and is often curtailed.

Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own. Characters which are not words have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character. Every character – in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have ever been used – is assigned to one of five categories:

  1. Common - (常用字) These 1931 characters are the bedrock of the language and may be used freely. They are further divided into six levels, solely for the purpose of aiding learning.
  2. Variants - (異体字) These are disallowed ways of writing a given character, mainly arising from national and font differences. It is also a way of appropriating many, many additional characters into simply being aliases of established characters. Only the Shinjitai, listed form of the character is "correct".
  3. Advanced (先進字) These 276 characters are useful for situations when Dan'a'yo needs to function like a native language, and speak on any topic, but are considered extra learning. Their usage is restricted in international and cosmopolitan situations, which are intended to be maximally inclusive.
  4. Name (名字) These are 385 characters that detail the specific names of species and municipalities, which must always be safeguarded with a determiner, which identifies them as such.
  5. Illegal (違法字) Finally, there are some characters which are the provenance of one country only, and are therefore banned in Dan'a'yo. There are about 372 of these, though most have been out of circulation for centuries, if they ever were.

Word lists

Sample

Classical Texts

Modern

Links

  1. CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group


References

  1. ^ http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/

Bibliography

Linguistics

Holm, John A. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
---. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
McWhorter, John. Language A to Z. Columbia University. The Great Courses, 2013. CD and booklet.

Chinese

Kroll, Paul W. A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
Miller, Roy A. Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
Rouzer, Paul. A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.

Japanese

Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.

Korean

Martin, Samuel E. Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
新活用玉篇. Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975

Language Construction

Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
Rosenfelder, Mark. The Language Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. The Planet Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. Advanced Language Construction. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
---. The Conlanger's Lexipedia. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.
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