Anbirese

Anbirese/Wordlist
Anbirese/Swadesh list
Anbirese/Names

Anbirese
Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Quame Talmic Tigolic Anbirese
Official status
Official language in	Anbir, Musun, Anbir Sjeoreong (in the USB)

Anbirese (n gaz Anbirjeong /ən gâz ánbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. It is noted for its split-ergativity, like its close relative Ciètian. On the planet of Tricin (Anbirese: n Smo /ə̀n smô/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. Anbirese is the official language of the Talman countries Anbir and Musun and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, Anbirese is a descendant of Thensarian. Like with German, there is a Standard Anbirese and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Anbirese rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Anbirese still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. Anbirese is somewhat mutually intelligible with Ciètian (like German and Dutch).

External history

The idea of Anbirese began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.

Todo

• ot, od > vat, vada
• Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
• scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
• obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
• Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ʔinna and ʔanna (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
• Swadesh list
• Tigol > Anbirese sound changes

plus, Anbirese has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern Anbirese
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern Anbirese
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern Anbirese was completely replaced with 'scid'

a verbalizer like -ować

• Verb prefixes:
  • ar-: on, at > ar-
  • (deut.) as-: telic > ys-
  • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at > dze-, do-
  • é-: with, co- > e-
  • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly > fin-
  • for-: causative, through > for-
  • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back > fl-
  • imm-: immediately > im-, m-, n-, ŋ-
  • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out > gol-
  • ro-: down > ro-
  • sol-: a causative > sol-
  • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards > su-
  • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back > sor-
  • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from > oc-

Vowel reflexes:

• a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u
• ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
• á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
• ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
• eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
• ae ao aoi > e eu eui
• ia ua uai > ja veo vae

Phonology

Old Anbirese and Old Ciètian both underwent the so-called Anbirese spirantization of Tigol aspirated stops: p ṗ t ṫ c ċ /pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ/ > OAnb /f v θ ð x ɣ/. Modern Anbirese subsequently shifted /θ/ to unaspirated t /t/, /t/ (from Tigol d) to θ /tʰ/, /ð/ to z /z/, and deleted /ɣ/.

Consonants

Anbirese has about 33 consonants:

• /k g x ŋ/
• /tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
• /t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
• /p b f v m/
• /pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
• /s ɕ ɧ h/
• /ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆/ [w]

Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing Cj. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written Cj) and iotated consonants (written Clj):

• mjeg /mʲeg/ = to cover (cognate to Eevo mee 'to hide'); mljeg /mʲjeg/ = to sell (cognate to Eevo mleend 'shop')
• sjeong 'sky', sljeong 'blossom, bloom'

[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.

Notation

Radical consonants

• k χ ng /k x ŋ/
• kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
• t θ n /t tʰ n/
• tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
• c cj /ts tɕ/
• p f m /p f m/
• pj fj mj /pʲ fʲ mʲ/
• s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
• r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

Lenited consonants

• g γ /g Ø/
• gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
• d z /d z/
• dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
• dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
• b v /b v/
• bj vj /bʲ vʲ/

Eclipsed consonants

• ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
• nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
• n nh /n nʰ/
• m mh mj mhj /m mʰ mʲ mʲʰ/

Mutations

Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.

Consonant mutations

grapheme	m	p	f	t	θ	c	s*	z	k	χ	0, j
soft	ng	b	h	z	d	dz	h	0	g	γ	-
nasal	-	m	v	nh	n	-	z	-	ng	ngh	n(j)-
h-prothesis	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	h(j)-

Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.

^*The clusters written sp, st, sk do not mutate.

Vowels

Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. eu /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of i /i/: mi ni pi ti ci ki bi di gi fi vi are read as mji nji pji tji cji kji bji dji gji fji vji. si zi li are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi Li].

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	u /ü/	eu [ɨ]	o /o~u/
Mid	ae, e /e~ɛ/	oe /ø~œ/	eo [ə]	eo /ʌ~ɔ/
Open			a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

Pitch accent

Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.

Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:

1. High: high and level, falls off word-finally; unmarked
2. Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; transcribed with an acute accent

For example:

• skaen /skên/ (high tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; n skaen /ɨn skên/ = 'the friend'
• skáen /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'friends (pl)'; n skáen /ɨn skěn/ = 'the friends'
• aeli (high tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
• áeli (rising tone) = 'loved (past tense)'

A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.

Intonation

• General fall: declarative clauses
• General rise: dependent clauses
• Interrogative: interrogative clauses

Dialectology

Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.

Anbir

Anbir has more dialectal diversity.

Musun

Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.

Orthography

Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

Vocabulary

Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of Swuntsim loanwords. Many Tseer and Windermere loans are considered archaic today.

Morphology

Mutations

Like Ciètian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

Nouns

Like its close relative Ciètian, Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Unlike Ciètian, however, it has lost cases.

Definite article

Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is

• eo before nasals and resonants (except /j/): eo mar [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
• n before other consonants (where it is pronounced /ɨn/) and before vowels (where it is pronounced /n/): n χeozir [ɨn xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; n abeot [n‿àbə̂t] 'the book'

The above rule operates after the word is mutated for number/gender marking.

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

Definite article

	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
	eclipsis	lenition	no mut.	no mut.	no mut.	eclipsis
Example	eo mpran 'the corner'	n gkaz 'the language'	n χeozir 'the flower'	n prán 'the corners'	n káz 'the languages'	eo nghéozir 'the flowers'

Plural nouns

A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

• mar /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
• már /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:

• íms /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
• imseot /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ímseot)

Musunese Anbirese always uses -eot for the plural.

Adjectives

Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree

Adjective inflection

	singular			plural
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
	eclipsis	lenition	no mut.	no mut.	no mut.	eclipsis
Example	eo nalb nhjangeoban /ə nawp ɲʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting shop'	n gaz zjangeoban /ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/ 'the interesting language'	n χeozir tjangeoban /ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕaŋəban/ 'the interesting flower'	n θálb tjangeoban /n tʰǎwp tɕaŋəban/ 'the interesting shops'	n káz tjangeoban /ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕaŋəban/ 'the interesting languages'	eo nghéozir nhjangeoban /ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/ 'the interesting flowers'

• Comparative: tjangeobanteo = more interesting
• Superlative: tjangeobaneob = most interesting

Verbs

Verbs are conservative and similar to Ciètian, with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in Skellan.

Finite verb inflection

All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:

1. the present absolute stem
2. the imperative stem
3. the past stem
4. the bare infinitive stem

The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:

• Present tense: PRESENT + -i, negative θri + IMPERATIVE
• Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
• Future tense: aeb + IMPERATIVE
• Past tense: PAST + -i; induces split-ergativity
• Imperative: IMPERATIVE
• -eod infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
• bare infinitive: INFINITIVE

There is no aspect distinction.

Non-finite forms

• The -eod infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
  • with djeobjeol, indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
  • with ok 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
  • with ast 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the -a infinitive]
• The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also
  • with djeo 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
  • with eor 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
  • with nae 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
  • with ok 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
    • Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang. (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
  • with the accusative marker ljeo, indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ljeo-complement clause:
    • ljeo + SUBJECT + a + VERB-a
    • ljeo + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
  • It is also used to form the infinitive absolute.

Split-ergativity

Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Xabin u na.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG

'I have eaten.'

Xabin u na n sáeng.

eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread

'I have eaten the bread.'

A tjéobrjeong u na n kéolsjang χa.

but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there

'But I left the glh schanng (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo már.

die.PRET DEF tree/PL

'The trees died.'

Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.

return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last

'Our dogs finally returned.'

Strong verbs

As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the -eod infinitive by using ablaut.

Copula

Anbirese is zero copula in the present tense; ngu, si, jeo and tar can be used as present tense copulas.

The past tense copula is lazeon and the infinitive is faz.

Pronouns

na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun fjeor 'thou'.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect for person as in most Talmic languages.

• ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern Anbirese: Aeli na ljeon skuil/lje/ljeo Heojad)
  • ljeona, ljeok, lju, lje, ljeoz, ljam, ljeof, ljeok, ljur
• djeo = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
  • djeona, djeok, dju, di, djeoz, djam, djeof, djeok, djur
• rjeo = of
• nae = with (inst.)
  • naemna, naebeok, naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur
• ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
  • aemna, aebeok, aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur
• ljang = around, about
  • ljangna, ljangeok, ljangu, ljangi, ljangeoz, ljangam, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur
• eor = at
  • eorna, eoreok, oru, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur
• hjel = like
  • hjelna, hjeleok, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur
• θri = with (comitative)
  • θrina, θrik, θrju, θrihi, θriz, θrim, θrif, θrik, θrjur
• eor oed = against
• ok = from (ok + eo/n > on)
  • ona, okeok, oku, eki, okeoz, okam, okeof, okeok, okur

Conjunctions

• eok = and
• nu = xor

Numerals

Cardinal

1-10 = χjang, θjeodeor, nask, tob, sol, stang, rvaz, laz, paer, ngjor

11, 12, ... = jagjeong, χnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.

Ordinal

χjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, χnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.

Derivational morphology

Native

• -a = verbalizer
• ba- = sub-
• -eod = nominalizer
• -jeond/-eond = nominalizer
• -eog = nominalizer
• -leon = nominalizer of adjectives
• mi- = mis-, pseudo-

Foreign

• ing- = verbalizer (Wdm.)
• bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

Syntax

More: Anbirese/Syntax

Sample texts

From H2G2

N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib eom ngvad eos aesjeong e eor fjen djeon dtaki sjeot ntoreuk nknjet.

/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋwad əs ɛɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət nuɾük ŋnjet/

the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing this very person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.

The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.

UDHR

Darkjeori ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eos blje naen fraeχleod eos naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eos naen stvarnga, eos pjeozjeo eorur, djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon ljeo heosrag.

/daɾtɕəɾi ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk əs bje nen fɾexləd əs nen mɔɾʲənd. uɕtɕənin har nen masɾin əs nen stwaɾŋa, əs pʲɔɹə ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən jə hɔsɾag/

be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood LJEO act.

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.