単亜語
 | This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
| Dan'a'yo | |
|---|---|
| 単亜語 | |
 | |
| Writing | w:新字体 |
| Region: | w:East Asia |
| Genders: | 0 |
| Cases: | 0 |
| Proto-language: | w:Sinosphere |
| Typology: | Analytic |
| Word-Order | SVO |
| Languages: | w:Korean language,
w:Japanese language, w:Chinese language w:Vietnamese language |
| Population: | 1500 million |
 | |
|
Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL | |
Anthropology
Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. The ancient w:Imperial examination (
The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese. Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common. They even share some vocabulary. There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven. There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence. There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.
Phonologies
Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region. Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest. The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system. All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels. Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda. Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ there. Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/. In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn something, but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.
Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in. The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole. Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write. A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters. A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon. Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants. Korean Hangul is generally well-suited.
Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region. Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process. Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age. Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride. Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education. Many teaching resources are still needed.
Phonology
単亜語 has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.
| Consonants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
| Nasals | ㅁ /m/ | ㄴ /n/ | ㅇ /ŋ/ | |
| Aspirates | ㅍ /pʰ/ | ㅌ /tʰ/ | ㅊ /t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/ | ㅋ /kʰ/ |
| Voiced | ㅂ /b~p/ | ㄷ /d~t/ | ㅈ /dʑ~tɕ/ | ㄱ /g~k/ |
| Fricatives | ㅅ /s ~ ɕ/ | ㅎ /h ~ ɦ ~ x/ | ||
| Sonorants | w /w/ | ㄹ /l ~ ɾ/ | y/j/ | |
(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.) While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
| Vowels | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | 이 /i ~ ɪ/ | 우 /u ~ ɯ/ | |
| Mid | 어 /e ~ e̞/ | 오 /o ~ o̞/ | |
| Low | 아 /a ~ ä/ | ||
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
Phonotactics
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.
Syntax
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. 単亜語 tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic V2 word order.
| Relationship | Particle | English | Mandarin | Cantonese | Japanese | Korean | Vietnamese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic | as for | - | - | は wa | 은/는 (n)ǔn | cái | ||
| Vocative | O | ya | yeo | |||||
| Dative | 于 | to | - | - | に ni | 에게 ege | đến | |
| Genitive | of | 的 de | 嘅 ge | の no | 의 ǔi | của | ||
| Instrumental | by | 用 yòng | 用 yung6 | で de | 로/으로 ro/ǔro | |||
| Locative | in, on, at | 在 zài | 喺 hai2 | に ni | 에 e | |||
| Comitative | 共 | together with | ||||||
| Assoc. Pl. | et. al. | 們 men | 哋 dei6 | たち tachi | 들 tǔl | |||
| Perfective | -ed | 了 le | 咗 jo2 | た/だ ta/da | 았/었 att/ǒtt | đã | ||
| Progressive | 中 | -ing | 아/어 a/ǒ | |||||
| Subjunctive | 若 | may | ||||||
| Nominalizer | -ed | |||||||
| Nominalizer | 事 ji | -ing | ||||||
| Adnominalizer | ||||||||
| Adverbializer | -ly | |||||||
| NP And | 与 o | and | ||||||
| VP And | 而 ni | and | ||||||
Sentence Final Particles
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Casual | First | 我 | 我等 |
| Second | 君 | 君等 | |
| Third | 彼人 | 彼人等 | |
Classifiers
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.
| Classifier | Use |
|---|---|
| people (general) | |
| 名 men | people (polite) |
| 台 tai | machines (computers, cars, etc) |
| 匹 pit | animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc) |
| 冊 jak | books, magazines, etc |
| 杯 pei | cups of some drink |
| 枚 mei | flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc) |
| 条 teu | long objects (pencils, noodles, etc) |
| 間 kan | periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc) |
| 個 ka | anything else |
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
| Determiner | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 蛙 wa | amphibians | |
| 鳥 teu | birds | Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu |
| 魚 o | fish | nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o |
| 虫 tunu | invertebrates | |
| 獣 siu | mammals | |
| 龍 lon | reptiles | tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lon |
| 花 hua | flowers | |
| 草 jau | grass | |
| 木 mok | trees, bushes | |
| 服 puk | clothes | kimono キモノ服 kimono-puk |
| 飯 puen | meals | bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen |
Demonstratives and indefinite
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ji-, 其 ki-, and 彼 pi- series. The 此 ji- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ki- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 pi- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ha-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
| Proximal (此 ji-) |
Mesial (其 ki-) |
Distal (彼 pi-) |
Interrogative (何 ha-) |
Negative (無 miu-) |
Universal (毎 mei-) |
Assertive existential (某 mou) |
Elective existential (? ?) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective | 此 ji this |
其 ki that |
彼 pi that over there |
何 ha what |
無 miu no |
毎 mei every |
某 mou some |
any |
| Thing (物 -mutu) | 此物 jimutu this one |
其物 kimutu that one |
彼物 pimutu that one over there |
何物 hamutu which one |
無物 miumutu nothing |
毎物 meimutu everything |
某物 moumutu something |
anything |
| Person (人 -nin) | 此人 jinin this person |
其人 kinin that person |
彼人 pinin that person over there |
何人 hanin who |
無人 miunin nobody |
毎人 meinin everybody |
某人 mounin somebody |
anybody |
| Place (処 -jo) | 此処 jijo here |
其処 kijo there |
彼処 pijo over there |
何処 hajo where |
無処 miujo nowhere |
毎処 meijo everywhere |
某処 moujo somewhere |
anywhere |
| Time (時 -) | 此時 jisi now |
其時 kisi then |
彼時 pisi at that other time |
何時 hasi when |
無時 miusi never |
毎時 meisi always |
某時 mousi sometime |
anytime |
| Manner (様 -yanu) | 此様 jiyanu in this manner |
其様 kiyanu in that manner |
彼様 piyanu in that other manner |
何様 hayanu how |
某様 mouyanu somehow |
|||
| Quantity (多 -ta) | 此多 jita this many / much |
其多 kita that many / much |
彼多 pita in that other quantity |
何多 hata how many / much |
||||
| Kind (-chi) | like this |
like that |
like that other kind |
what kind of |
||||
| Reason (因 -in) | 何因 hain why |
Lexica
Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000. Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own. Characters which are not words have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character. Every character (in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have every been used) is assigned to one of _ categories: Common, Advanced, Name, Illegal, and Alternate. Alternates are unacceptable versions of legitimate character. Illegal characters can never be used at all. Name characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names. Advanced character should only be used after the are introduced and defined. Common characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning. Characters which are not linked are not capable of appearing alone, but should still be learned.
Grade 1
一, 七, 万, 三, 上, 下, 与, 世, 両, 中, 主, 之, 九, 事, 二, 于, 五, 交, 人, 今, 他, 休, 会, 住, 何, 作, 使, 元, 先, 入, 全, 八, 六, 内, 冬, 出, 刀, 分, 前, 力, 動, 北, 十, 千, 午, 半, 南, 友, 口, 右, 号, 名, 向, 君, 和, 哉, 問, 四, 回, 国, 圓, 土, 地, 場, 声, 売, 夏, 外, 多, 夜, 大, 天, 太, 女, 妹, 姉, 子, 字, 学, 家, 宿, 対, 小, 少, 山, 左, 已, 市, 年, 幸, 度, 庭, 弟, 当, 彼, 後, 心, 思, 急, 想, 意, 所, 手, 才, 打, 持, 指, 放, 教, 数, 文, 新, 於, 族, 日, 早, 明, 春, 晴, 書, 月, 有, 朝, 木, 本, 村, 東, 林, 某, 校, 根, 森, 業, 橋, 次, 歌, 正, 死, 母, 毎, 毛, 気, 水, 注, 活, 流, 海, 深, 湖, 漢, 火, 灯, 点, 父, 牛, 犬, 玉, 王, 生, 用, 田, 男, 画, 病, 発, 白, 百, 皆, 目, 相, 真, 着, 知, 短, 石, 研, 秋, 究, 空, 立, 章, 竹, 第, 筆, 等, 算, 米, 糸, 紙, 細, 緑, 羊, 習, 耳, 肉, 育, 船, 花, 苦, 草, 薬, 虫, 行, 表, 西, 見, 記, 話, 語, 読, 談, 買, 走, 起, 足, 路, 車, 軽, 農, 近, 送, 通, 進, 道, 遠, 都, 酒, 里, 重, 金, 長, 門, 開, 間, 集, 雨, 雪, 雲, 電, 青, 音, 頗, 頭, 顔, 風, 馬, 高, 魚, 黄, 黒
Grade 2
不, 久, 乎, 乗, 争, 京, 代, 以, 伝, 位, 低, 例, 便, 信, 個, 借, 停, 備, 億, 兄, 光, 児, 公, 共, 兵, 典, 再, 冷, 列, 初, 別, 利, 功, 加, 労, 勇, 勝, 化, 医, 単, 印, 危, 収, 取, 古, 句, 各, 合, 同, 告, 唱, 図, 固, 在, 坐, 城, 基, 堂, 報, 増, 士, 変, 失, 好, 守, 完, 官, 定, 室, 害, 察, 将, 就, 屋, 展, 岩, 島, 己, 布, 希, 席, 帰, 常, 干, 平, 広, 店, 建, 弓, 引, 弱, 強, 形, 往, 待, 従, 得, 忘, 快, 念, 悲, 情, 愛, 成,
Grade 3
丁, 且, 丙, 乙, 也, 乾, 井, 令, 仮, 但, 体, 余, 佛, 佳, 価, 係, 俗, 保, 修, 倍, 偉, 傷, 充, 其, 冊, 写, 凡, 凶, 判, 到, 則, 助, 効, 勉, 務, 勢, 勤, 勧, 匹, 協, 即, 卵, 厚, 原, 厳, 又, 及, 反, 叔, 受, 只, 可, 吹, 味, 呼, 命, 哀, 品, 商, 喪, 困, 園, 均, 執, 堅, 墨, 壮, 夕, 如, 妻, 始, 姓, 威, 婚, 婦, 存, 季, 孫, 宅, 宇, 安, 宗, 宙, 実, 客, 容, 密, 富, 寒, 寸, 寺, 寿, 射, 尚, 尤, 尺, 尽, 局, 居, 崇,
Grade Four
丸, 丹, 乱, 了, 互, 亡, 仁, 付, 仙, 仰, 件, 任, 伏, 伐, 供, 依, 倉, 倒, 候, 値, 健, 側, 像, 兆, 克, 免, 党, 冒, 切, 刊, 刑, 制, 刷, 刻, 剛, 副, 割, 創, 努, 包, 区, 博, 占, 参, 双, 叫, 台, 史, 司, 吉, 吟, 否, 吸, 周, 員, 唯, 善, 喜, 器, 因, 団, 囲, 圧, 塊, 塩, 境, 墓, 壊, 夢, 央, 奉, 奮, 委, 孝, 宜, 宣, 宮, 宴, 寄, 封, 専, 尊, 導, 尾, 属, 層, 岸, 差, 師, 帯, 帳, 幹, 庁, 床, 底, 府, 庫, 康, 延, 彩, 影, 径, 志, 怨, 恒, 恩, 恵, 慈, 態, 慢, 慣, 憂, 或, 批, 折, 抽, 拍, 拡, 掌, 掛, 提, 換, 揮, 敬, 断, 施, 旗, 昔, 景, 朗, 材, 束, 条, 板, 染, 柱, 査, 株, 梅, 械, 検, 楼, 概, 構, 模, 横, 機, 欠, 欲, 段, 毒, 池, 没, 沿, 況, 泉, 法, 泣, 泰, 派, 済, 渓, 温, 測, 港, 源, 準, 漂, 演, 激, 灰, 災, 炎, 焼, 照, 煩, 熟, 燃, 版, 牧, 犯, 状, 独, 率, 班, 略, 疑, 痛, 県, 睡, 確, 礎, 票, 祭, 禁, 秒, 秘, 程, 積, 突, 策, 管, 簡, 粉, 糖, 系, 紀, 級, 累, 組, 継, 緊, 総, 編, 縮, 績, 織, 群, 翻, 而, 耕, 職, 肥, 肺, 胃, 背, 脈, 脳, 腸, 臓, 臣, 臥, 臨, 至, 航, 芽, 茂, 蔵, 藍, 虚, 衆, 術, 衛, 装, 補, 規, 視, 覚, 覧, 訓, 訳, 訴, 評, 詞, 該, 識, 護, 象, 貞, 財, 貧, 貯, 費, 貿, 資, 賛, 賢, 跳, 践, 転, 較, 輪, 輸, 辺, 返, 述, 迷, 逆, 逓, 遅, 遍, 還, 郵, 配, 酸, 鉱, 銅, 鋼, 錯, 録, 鏡, 附, 院, 陸, 険, 隊, 階, 際, 雑, 雖, 離, 零, 需, 響, 飽, 餓, 騎, 験, 骨, 髪, 鬼, 龍
Grade 5
塞, 鎖, 荒, 錬, 縁, 震, 麗, 亜, 浸, 寂, 把, 般, 敏, 核, 侮, 振, 枯, 殿, 培, 寡, 越, 循, 娘,
Grade 6
喃, 仗, 頸, 溺, 憧, 拭, 曖, 尉, 虐, 尻, 迭, 娠, 蹴, 褐, 酵, 狩, 眺, 哺, 潟, 裸, 胎, 箸, 硝, 腕, 酪, 痴, 窒, 癒, 顎, 妊, 弥, 痘, 瞳, 垣, 箋, 紺, 肌, 赦, 腺, 癖, 缶, 渋, 薫, 遡, 漬, 褒, 渦, 訃, 魅, 軸, 欧, 釜, 錠, 稽, 唄, 骸, 墜, 叉, 札, 巣, 肘, 咬, 晶, 捻, 抹, 棺, 敷, 彰, 汁, 澄, 汰, 膜, 崖, 帆, 嫉, 斑, 隙, 梗, 妖, 肢, 肪, 嗅, 魔, 沼, 沃, 炊, 膝, 凹, 融, 凸, 硫, 匠, 衷, 頒, 頬, 髄, 塁, 峡, 挟, 掘, 堪, 粋, 爽, 紡, 紳, 絞, 締, 呈, 腎, 舶, 繭, 茎, 艇, 賄, 賂, 賭, 踪, 轄, 遜, 滋, 虹, 閥, 侶, 偵, 槽, 刹, 剤, 喩, 斬, 描, 旨, 脊, 脂, 岐, 悼, 尿, 殴, 砲, 昧, 靴, 爪, 狭, 曜, 券, 枚, 筋, 矮, 辦, 鞋, 嗚, 姦, 屢, 桜, 嫌, 餅, 型, 勺, 暦, 契, 暇, 冥, 豚, 銃, 殉, 濯, 鈍, 郭, 賜, 廷, 妃, 遂, 朱, 簿, 謁, 蛍, 憎, 遣, 佐, 涯, 篤, 僧, 稚, 禅, 矯, 儒, 爵, 拂, 募, 庶, 岳, 寝, 粧, 壌, 浦, 勃, 幻, 撤, 喚, 扇, 剝, 彫, 昆, 彙, 朽, 柄, 伺, 泌, 氾, 殖, 坑, 怖, 棋, 巾, 冶, 辣, 殻, 踊, 雰, 溝, 婆, 購, 串, 焦, 艶, 阻, 診, 痕, 湧, 酷, 雇, 酬, 艦, 胆, 緻, 蔑, 腫, 剖, 股, 網, 縫, 縛, 泡, 溶, 窟, 駄, 遮, 紋, 籠, 窯, 沸, 掲, 唆, 遭, 頑, 療, 畳, 駐, 奥, 捨, 賃, 絹, 璃, 搭, 棒, 絵, 竟, 碗, 穿, 禽, 播, 括, 握, 拐, 圏, 噴, 嚇, 慌, 控, 款, 迅, 堆, 鍵, 鍋, 舗, 釣, 煮, 厘, 酢, 賠, 咽, 貼, 粗, 猫, 粘, 滑, 託, 袖, 醒, 陪, 傘, 縄, 繊, 准, 粒, 犠, 袋, 穏, 砕, 挿, 撲, 盆, 乏, 畝, 罵, 齢, 填, 弁, 瓣, 飼, 仲, 届, 昭, 液, 拉, 擦, 那, 喫, 剰, 帽, 戴, 瞭, 鍛, 玩, 椅, 喝, 紹, 搬, 頓, 瓶, 麺, 禍, 屯, 沙, 崩, 亀, 慄, 玄, 戒, 惑, 拓, 怠, 恭, 芳, 幽, 雅, 蔽, 陶, 拙, 醜, 恋, 邪, 蓄, 誓, 疫, 壇, 妄, 麻, 泊, 舟, 翼, 蜂, 鹿, 祥, 菌, 淡, 酌, 卓, 肖, 遷, 廉, 祈, 韻, 畏, 翁, 邦, 葬, 拘, 赴, 疎, 頻, 駆, 庸, 顕, 凝, 暫, 携, 傑, 詠, 菊, 欄, 刃, 撃, 倹, 偽, 促, 隆, 俊, 銘, 雌, 隣, 卑, 躍, 頼, 賦, 侍, 濁, 賊, 貳, 貪, 販, 譜, 堕, 謀, 誘, 詐, 訟, 乞, 蛮, 滞, 荘, 潜, 履, 恥, 羅, 霊, 媒, 畜, 誇, 伴, 淫, 審, 幣, 帥, 弦, 宰, 慨, 懲, 悩, 惧, 徐, 劣, 窃, 矢, 汝, 週, 磁, 討, 映, 裁, 奏, 操, 乳, 優
Advanced
卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿,
Naming
巳, 兀, 壬, 刈, 巴, 亢, 尹, 仄, 廿, 什, 曰, 歹, 仍, 弘, 卉, 卯, 戊, 汀, 仔, 疋, 乍, 叭, 弗, 瓜, 尼, 牟, 朴, 戍, 圭, 肋, 旭, 汎, 芝, 丞, 匈, 朶, 芋, 伊, 伍, 卍, 亥, 尖, 艮, 戌, 曳, 杏, 阮, 佑, 伶, 汪, 佃, 舛, 牡, 呂, 些, 戻, 劫, 芭, 杉, 伽, 灼, 李, 兎, 呉, 甫, 汲, 壱, 祁, 吞, 辰, 囧, 罔, 狐, 邸, 抛, 侃, 虱, 尭, 阜, 昊, 孟, 竺, 祇, 坪, 奄, 坤, 刮, 邱, 宕, 沓, 侑, 姑, 岬, 邵, 岡, 珈, 孩, 哈, 侠, 頁, 勅, 姚, 柑, 柿, 珉, 娃, 殃, 姥, 郁, 柏, 洲, 胡, 栃, 祐, 拶, 胤, 垓, 韋, 珂, 咸, 柴, 禹, 兪, 姜, 彦, 洛, 朔, 蚤, 豹, 栗, 郝, 烏, 狸, 桓, 哥, 桧, 秦, 胰, 衲, 芻, 唉, 恣, 隼, 陛, 挨, 豈, 桂, 玖, 挺, 姫, 桟, 酎, 俺, 釘, 奚, 拿, 蚊, 俯, 祢, 唐, 袁, 釧, 猪, 捺, 崙, 淵, 鹵, 苹, 這, 盒, 苑, 寅, 甜, 梁, 堀, 曼, 雀, 埼, 晨, 曹, 萄, 苟, 翌, 亀, 崔, 淳, 卿, 琶, 凱, 蛞, 腔, 棗, 茫, 雁, 犂, 跌, 欽, 弼, 遁, 嵐, 厥, 巽, 壷, 飧, 塚, 茨, 猩, 舜, 喬, 閔, 覃, 彭, 鄂, 椎, 馮, 貂, 臍, 琵, 湊, 斯, 媛, 茸, 鈩, 傅, 蛙, 虞, 搾, 煎, 裾, 蛾, 牒, 鄒, 㐮, 賈, 椰, 鼎, 煤, 媽, 蜀, 猿, 鉤, 楠, 嫁, 祿, 葛, 鼠, 楊, 碁, 爺, 楚, 楕, 閨, 裴, 嘗, 甄, 鳶, 慷, 蕉, 禎, 熊, 菅, 僕, 銑, 蔡, 趙, 蝋, 廖, 聡, 瑠, 踝, 箕, 廠, 蝉, 黎, 蝓, 醇, 蝸, 劉, 撇, 魯, 稼, 鴎, 撞, 駕, 蝦, 餃, 嬉, 熬, 駒, 凜, 葡, 豎, 鋒, 畿, 靠, 潘, 蝶, 錫, 錆, 蒙, 蹄, 鮎, 橘, 薪, 踵, 錐, 璣, 蕭, 燕, 薛, 駱, 閻, 橐, 醍, 叡, 諡, 盧, 頤, 螂, 嬢, 牆, 謄, 鮫, 磯, 儧, 檗, 鞠, 檀, 幇, 霞, 醤, 擡, 蒋, 膿, 蟄, 鴻, 鮟, 嶺, 鵝, 攄, 鯉, 藤, 藩, 魏, 鎬, 麒, 麓, 龐, 藻, 瀧, 鵰, 繋, 鯛, 蟹, 鯨, 譚, 襖, 隴, 鰌, 鰐, 朧, 籃, 鶴, 蠣, 纏, 齦, 灌, 轟, 蘇, 穣, 鱇, 灘, 龔, 麟, 鷺, 欒, 蘭, 鱒, 攬, 鷹, 鑽
Sample
- 単亜語/218_sentences - Sentences to test syntax
Links
References
Bibliography
Linguistics
- Holm, John A. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
- ---. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
- McWhorter, John. Language A to Z. Columbia University. The Great Courses, 2013. CD and booklet.
Chinese
- Kroll, Paul W. A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
- Miller, Roy A. Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
- Rouzer, Paul. A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.
Japanese
- Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.
Korean
- Martin, Samuel E. Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
- 新活用玉篇. Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975
Language Construction
- Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
- Rosenfelder, Mark. The Language Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
- ---. The Planet Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
- ---. Advanced Language Construction. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
- ---. The Conlanger's Lexipedia. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.
