Naeng

This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere/Classical for Classical Windermere and Windermere/Middle for Middle Windermere.

Naeng/Lexicon
Naeng/Swadesh list
218 sample sentences
Sketchbook
Naeng/Names
Naeng/Diachronics
Tbeach fi mi-brits Dămea
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Modern Windermere
fi cduay Dămea
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Native speakers	270 million (13b0dd)
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Windermere Modern Windermere

Modern Windermere (fi cduay Dămea) arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere settlers in Pategia and Bjeheond. It is known as Ashanian (e.g. Ntzog Xäd in Hlou) or Tergetian (e.g. tergetosin in Clofabosin) in some other Trician languages. Today Windermere is widespread in Bjeheond and Talma, being spoken in the USB, Tumhan, Pategia, Wen Dămea, and in former Windermere colonies in Txapoalli; with 270 million native speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken native language and the most widely spoken Lakovic language.

In Talma, Modern Windermere forms a dialect continuum with other descendants of Classical Windermere.

External History

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by English, Romanian and Tíogall, one of my old Talmic sketches. It was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay.

Todo

Accents in Windermere

• Fincreaș
• Rural Fincreaș
• Standard Mategian
• Standard Wen Dămea
• Other Wen Dămea accents
  • Sătmaș
  • Chăloa
  • Prucüew

Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s

Drel ya-rie srüe thăgem mărit e łen = Come with me if you want to live

lăchir e pra haș mül mif brits Angla, chăbec ngie fithnar e tchung croth șaf brits hathbur pra șän-șän

osatshuats łung șa mărit = rebel in order to live

Diachronics

Phonological history

• In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
• l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
• Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/

Grammatical history

• Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
• Tense particles, from Hlou influence

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s~z/	ł /ɬ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ʟ/	y /j/

Voiceless plosives are aspirated in all dialects unless word-final or following a fricative. However the aspiration tends to be weaker in preinitial syllables.

/ʔ/ and /h/ are often dropped in casual speech.

Vowels

In Talman Windermere:

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/	[ɨ]	u /u/
Near-close	ie /iə/	üe /yə/		ua /uə/
Close-mid	e /e/, ä /ɛ~e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open-mid	ea /ɛ~eə/			oa /ɔ~oə/
Open			a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are prohibited in coda.

Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Germanic. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):

• Cl: pl, cl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
• Cr: pr, tr, tsr, cr, br, dr, gr, fr, thr, chr, sr
• Cm: tm, thm, cm, chm, sm
• Cn: fn, cn, chn, sn
• Cng: fng, tng, thng, chng, sng
• Cw: tw, thw, cw, chw, gw, sw, șw
• sC: sp, st, sc, sm, sn, sng, sl, sr, sw
• chC: chm, chn, chng, chl, chr, chw
• XX: pd, pg, tb, tg, cb, cd

Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.

Accents

Main article: Windermere/Accents

Orthography

Consonants

Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Alphabetical order:

rieth, däl, fieth, lear, mear, goal, cam, boal, sam, ła, șănat, yam, ngoath, trop, nang, thop, pa, cha, hieth, wir

rădaf = alphabet

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Parts of speech

Nouns

There are two articles: the definite article fi and the specific article se. Prepositions:

șa- = lative

ay = vocative (archaic)

ngie = like

Pronouns

Pronouns are similar to Classical Windermere, except:

• There are no accusative forms.
• The 2nd person pronoun Pra (from Classical Wdm. pida 'sage; Master (a title)'), pl. Impra, is used for strangers and in formal situations.
• Łănam (capitalized in the native script) is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun, restricted to addressing royalty and divine figures.

The Classical gendered demonstratives sen/ses and fin/fis have been lost.

Demonstratives

• this: __ se (adnominal); sed (pronominal); sen (masculine); ses (feminine)
• that: __ fi (adnominal); fid (pronominal); fin (masculine); fis (feminine)
• here: rădun se, dunse
• there: rădun fi, dumfi
• who: ășac ra, șara
• what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
• where: rădun ra, dura
• when: ngith ra, ngithra
• how: tănsü ra; tăra
• why: fănäl ra, fnăra
• all: tsor (preposed)
• many: mea (preposed)
• some: tăchung (preposed)
• few: łüp (preposed)
• any: haș (preposed)
• other: nătha

Verbs

Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with tense particles.

Imperatives:

• Familiar: Tsrin! (Eat!)
• Polite sg: Tsrin e Pra!
• Polite pl: Tsrin e Impra!

Adjectives

Copulas are used with adjectives. For example, 'The man is strong' = Fi noaf mot ngăwes.

The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.

• to = good
• rech to = better
• hă'et to = best

There are no imperatives for adjectives; one uses ieng 'do', căfol 'become', or ămtüs 'remain' with the adjective depending on the situation. For example:

• Ieng cdeal! (familiar) or Ieng e pra cdeal! (polite) = Be bold! (lit. do boldly) to make a wish that the addressee should act boldly. This is the most neutral imperative.
• Căfol cdeal! implies that the listener is not bold now and should be.
• Ămtüs cdeal! should be obvious: "stay bold".

Pre-verbal particles

• chmi = progressive
• chea = past
• peng = future
• tso = past progressive
• fa = perfect
• chea fa = past perfect etc.
• hos = conditional
• thăgem = desiderative (want to)
• future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
• Polite imperative

Other particles

• eth = it does, doesn't it?

Derivation

• TODO: another nominalizer?
• ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
• bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
• hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
• sa- = nominalizer
• di- = negation
• ing- = verbalizer
• mo- (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
• lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
• yă- = adjectivizer
• nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
• pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
• ⟨năr⟩, ⟨măr⟩ = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
• Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive
  • yar = flower > yăryar 'little flower'

• Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
  • wang = 'matter, affairs'
  • ngoth = 'manner, way'
  • sces = 'style of, à la'
  • ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.

• ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
• ‹ith› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • răfongüe 'to endow' < rüe 'to give'
• ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Lexical aspect affixes

Classical Windermere aspects became derivational, analogous to how PIE aspects became lexical in daughter IE languages. This mirrors the development in other Talman Lakovic languages but Windermere has been the most heavily affected.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked; marked with li- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
• prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = pla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Syntax

SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga

Rie chmi brits cdes că'üs tes tsăctsoc.

1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate

I speak of love and hate.

Fi rüech chmi tsrin se troas.

DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed

The bird is eating a seed.

Time clauses

• swe = "while" but it takes VSO: swe căwdul ef imfnüd
• for SVO use sweng: sweng fi imfnüd căwdul

Inversion

SVO clauses are inverted to VSO clauses after certain conjunctions. In a VSO clause the particle e must precede the subject.

Independent VSO clauses have hortative or optative meanings: for example, 'Let there be light!' would be translated as Ăthüe e chwep! (exist NOM light).

Vocabulary

Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.

Layers

• inherited Windermere (including Talmic loans)
• Tseezh loans
• Hlou-Shum loans
• other miscellaneous loans (from Häskä, Eevo etc.)
• Classical Windermere reborrowings
• recent Eevo loans

Sample texts

Bang fa bin'ătsoal fi lăhoal fi sngeaf imtriem, te fa băfonglis fi imșășul bang ya tsăngua te gow mi thusieng chngăfi, häb nga tsip crirath, päd fnga frel e 'nam im'ăngi'ong, ănam hos ristey fi chlăpsur mi wă'ua croth.

1PL.IN PERF enslave DEF rest DEF world PL-animal, and PERF treat DEF PL-cousins 1PL.IN with fur and feather ADV evil so_much, until COMP without doubt, if_counterfactual POT transmit NOM 3PL.AN story, 3PL.AN COND imagine DEF villain in form human_being.

Srüe ruay e croth patsrin, te di ruay ef păcrit rus, te rüe e sed șa fid, mitse ya binsămrüe łithad tsip neab te dămiseath e fid swoch, lea mot bintănse yășithbech? Tieth, fid mot mitse paw yătithun moang binłăcthie! Thăbur ef croth ngie nuthbur papluas mi-thäș, șang fid plang ło imsrup te thusămpey moang thăprea. Wăhang, fi mocănłin pra lea chithud srüe ngil e rie "Seth" mi łam "croth"? - Ne-Sim

From Hamlet

Uy șa mărit uy șa răchta, sed mot fi binbiets.

or to live or to die, this.PRON COP DEF question

To be or not to be, that is the question.

From the Internationale

Ămflü, hay tsor pachărea'i fi sngeaf!

arise, VOC all PAT-scorn DEF world

Arise, all ye scorned ones of the world!

UDHR

Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltsas tes imłin. Ănam hac răfongüe yas hălpăthin tes hălslith'a, te pdar thunoa e ănam tănse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șăgor chasräf.

(Mategian; Bjeheondian) [ts̠or̥ kʰr̥oθ fä ʔɘˈʂeəl pʰluəm tʰe θyr mis̠ hlˈtsäs̠ tʰes̠ ʔimˈɬin ‖ ʔɘnäm häk rɘvoˈŋyə jäs̠ hlpɘˈðin tʰes̠ hls̠liθˈʔa, tʰe pʰɘ̥d̥ar̥ θuˈnoə ʔe näm tʰns̠e fiˈd̥oən mɘˈkʰeəv nɘˈðä mis̠ ʂəˈɣor̥ xɘs̠ˈrɛf]

(Wen Dămea) [tso̞:r kʰr̥o̞:ð fä əˈʃeːɤˁ pʰχˁuəm tʰe̞ θy:r mis hɤˁˈtsɑ:z tʰe̞s imˈɬi:n ‖ ənä:m häk rəvo̞ˈŋyə jäs hɤˁpəˈðin tʰe̞s hɤˁsʁˁiθˈʔa, tʰe̞ pʰta:r θuˈnoə ʔe̞ nä:m tʰənse̞: fiˈdoən məˈkʰeəv nəˈðä: mis ʃko̞:r xəzˈre:v]

Imthumăytil

This passage is from the Imthumăytil Păchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Clay.

Modern Wdm.

Mi ngith doan tso dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheath. Pida Brăwied chea sray binbiets: "Mea ra łănam dunse?"

Swe mot chmi nung ef imchäth nătha, doan chäth chea plawăsma: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach dunse, te immălin thaf müets, te imchustiw răthaf..."

Łop Pida Brăwied chea biets: "Wăhang, mea ra chmi, srüe hădean e do croth hiboath?"

Ăfifay chea că'aw e fid: "Lea sed die placănărlu, Pida? Bang ruay tsor tăy'ua palüc, sach se făbeang imtăy'ua nătha yaf croth mălem!"

Original (Classical Wdm.)

Dòn ngith, dur id tach chàth mi mogor lăythèth. Embìts Pida Brăwìd: "Măra łinam dunse?"

Mi-ăngnung căchtàth nătha emritsal dòn: "Mǜșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thràf, șrüch te-łep stăliw..."

Łop embìts Pida Brăwìd: "Ǎna măra mòch, srǜ hădèn do croth nătha?"

Emcă'aw id chàth ifăyfay, "Op călu, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădìch fnărtàng, sach făbèng păchwădìch nătha ya-croth nătha fi!"

English

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them a question: "How many of you are here?"

While the others were still counting, one child called out: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"

The child nonchalantly responded: "Isn't it obvious, Master? Here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"