単亜語: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox Universal Language
| color = #CDCB2B
| name = Dan'a'yo
| altname = 単亜語
| Writing System = 新字体
| region = East Asia
| genders =0
| cases = 0
| alignment =
| proto = [[w:Sinosphere]]
| Type = Analytic
| word-order = SVO
| child1 = [[w:Korean language]]
| child2 = [[w:Japanese language]]
| child3 = [[w:Chinese language]]
| child4 = [[w:Vietnamese language]]
| population = 1500
| flag =East asian flag.png
}}
{{Ruby|単亜語|단아요}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].  It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan.  The Hangǔl alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
== Anthropology ==
{{Main|単亜語/Anthropology}}
Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. The ancient [[w:Imperial examination]] ({{Ruby|科挙|콰교}}) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same [[w:Chinese classics]] and learned the same law codes.  Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate.  With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking [[w:Classical Chinese]] and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.
The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese.  Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common.  They even share some vocabulary.  There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven.  There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence.  There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from.  Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.
=== Phonologies ===
Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region.  Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest.  The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system.  All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels.  Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda.  Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ there.  Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/.  In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn ''something'', but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.


[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in.  The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole.  Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write.  A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters.  A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon.  Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants.  Korean Hangul is generally well-suited.


{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]].  It uses Chinese characters for all of its native writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan.  [[w:Hangul]] is used for foreign sounds or phonetic spelling.   It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], and uses postpositions.
Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region.  Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process. Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age.  Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride.  Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education. Many teaching resources are still needed.


__TOC__
{{Infobox language
|image = east_asian_flag.png
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Simple Asian Language
|nativename = 単亜語
|pronunciation = /tan.a.jo/
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|speakers = Unknown
|date = 2014
|familycolor = conlang
|iso1 = dny
|iso2 = dny
|iso3 = dny
|script        = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Hangul|Hangul]]++
|notice = IPA
|creator = [[User:aquatiki|明帥]]
}}
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 12 consonants.  Immediately upon seeking a common ground across East Asia, one encounters a great deal of diversity.  Japanese is definitely the outlier, with the most restrictive sound inventory of all.  Only Japanese does not contrast aspirated and unaspirated stops<ref>http://wals.info/feature/4A#4/28.77/115.93</ref>, instead opting for the more European-sounding voicing contrast<ref>http://wals.info/feature/5A#4/25.40/121.38</ref>.  This distinction is difficult for Japanese-speakers to learn, but if the feature is not contrastive in affricates, it is easier<ref>http://www.conforg.fr/acoustics2008/cdrom/data/fa2005-budapest/paper/505-1.pdf</ref>.  The operating principle of sound selection is, '''no other sounds than Japanese has, but including Japanese allophones'''.  Japanese and Korean speakers will experience the same difficulty with /l/ vs /ɾ/ as they do with Europeans.
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="8"|Consonants
! colspan="5"|Consonants
|-
|-
! !!  唇/Labial !!  舌/Alveolar !!  齒/Coronal !! 牙/Velar
!
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
! Palatal
!  Velar
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! 次/Nasals
!Nasals
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small>
|'''ㄴ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|
|'''ㅇ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small>
|'''ㄴ ''' <small>/n/</small>
|'''ㅇ''' <small>/ŋ/</small>
|-
|-
! 塞/Stops
! Aspirates
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b (ʔ)/</small>
|'''ㅍ''' <small>/pʰ/</small>
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d (ʔ)/</small>
|'''ㅌ''' <small>/tʰ/</small>
|
| '''ㅊ''' <small>/t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/</small>
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g (ʔ)/</small>
|'''ㅋ''' <small>/kʰ/</small>
|-
|-
! 塞擦/Affricates
! Voiced
| ||
| '''ㅂ''' <small>/b~p/</small>
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ/</small>
| '''ㄷ''' <small>/d~t/</small>
|
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/dʑ~tɕ/</small>
| '''ㄱ''' <small>/g~k/</small>
|-
|-
! 清/Fricatives
!Fricatives
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| '''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ x (ɸᵝ)/</small>
|'''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|-
|-
! 次濁/Approximants
! Sonorants
| '''와''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small>
|''w'' <small>/w/</small>
| '''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|'''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
| '''야''' <small>/j/</small>
|''y''<small>/j/</small>
|
|
|}
|}
Vowels are also difficult to achieve consensus on.  Mandarin and Japanese have the most limited systems<ref>http://wals.info/feature/2A#4/24.37/120.06</ref>.  The world's most common and usable system -- with five, cardinal vowels -- was chosen for maximum compatiblity, and some combinations are excluded (see below). Again, much allophony and tolerance will be used and needed between parties.  There are two ways to write /u/, but only one (우) is used in native transcription.  The other (으) is used in transliteration, to break up consonant clusters.  It is whatever epenthetic vowel is common for the speaker.  Japanese will realize these as /ɯᵝ/, Koreans as /ɯ/, Mandarin-speakers as /ɨ/, Cantonese as /ʊ/, and Vietnamese as /ə̆/.
(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.)  While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
 


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
Line 77: Line 94:
| '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
| '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small>
|
|
| '''우/으''' <small>/u ~ ʊ/</small>
| '''우''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small>
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| '''에''' <small>/e ~ ɛ /</small>
| '''어''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small>
|
|
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small>
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small>
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä ~ ɑ/</small>
| colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small>
|}
|}
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!


Because tone is not present in all languages<ref>http://wals.info/feature/13A#4/25.72/126.39</ref> and learning tone is extremely prohibitive, tone is not phonemic in {{PAGENAME}}, and prosody is not specified.  Sentence Final Particles (SFPs) are mandatory to indicate any modality other than simple, declarative sentences.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure.  WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>.  Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system.  A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)<ref>http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61</ref>.  The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/.  The coda can be /i/, /u/, an underspecified nasal, or a stop. The coda nasal assimilates before subsequent consonants in order to be homorganic.  A coda stop can do one of three things
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT.  The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.
# before any non-identical consonant, it is realized as a glottal stop
 
# before an identical stop, it is realized as gemination of that stop
== Syntax ==
# before a syllable with no onset, it moves to be the onset of that syllable.
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.


Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated.  Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  ㅈ-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime (since many with pronounce /t/ + /j/ that way).  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.


{| width="50%"
{| class="bluetable"
| m, n <br /> p, t, k <br /> s, h <br /> y, l, w
! Relationship
| style="vertical-align: middle;" | +
! Particle
| i, u <br /> e, o <br /> a, ya
! English
| +
! Mandarin
| Nasal <br /> Stop <br /> y, w
! Cantonese
! Japanese
! Korean
! Vietnamese
|-
! Topic
|
| as for
| -
| -
| は wa
| 은/는 (n)ǔn
| cái
|-
! Vocative
| {{Ruby|哉|재}}
| O
|
| ya
| yeo
| 야
|-
! Dative
| {{Ruby|于|우}}
| to
| -
| -
| に
| 에게
| đến
|-
! Genitive
| {{Ruby|之|티}}
| of
| 的
| 嘅
| の
| 의
| của
|-
! Instrumental
| {{Ruby|以|이}}
| by
| 用
| 用
| で
| 로/으로
|
|-
! Locative
| {{Ruby|於|오}}
| in, on, at
| 在
| 喺
| に
| 에
|
|-
! Comitative
| {{Ruby|共|굥}}
| together with
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Assoc. Pl.
| {{Ruby|等|둥}}
| et. al.
| 們
| 哋
| たち
| 들
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Perfective
| {{Ruby|已|이}}
| -ed
| 了
| 咗
| た/だ
| 았/었
| đã
|-
! Progressive
| {{Ruby|中|중}}
| -ing
|
|
|
| 아/어
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! Nominalizer
| {{Ruby|物|묻}}
| -ed
|-
! Nominalizer
| {{Ruby|事|지}}
| -ing
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adnominalizer
| {{Ruby|之|티}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverbializer
| {{Ruby|様|양}}
| -ly
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! NP And
| {{Ruby|与|오}}
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! VP And
| {{Ruby|而|니}}
| and
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


== Writing ==
===Sentence Final Particles===
{{PAGENAME}} recognizes that while Chinese characters may be common in Japan and China, they are less so in Korea and absent from Vietnamese popular education.  Therefore, the total number of logograms in use in {{PAGENAME}} is kept to under 2000.  Pronunciations are regularly derived from Middle Chinese, and then adapted to a consensus position between Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese.


The form of Chinese characters have changed in the last century, with the development of Simplified Characters in Mainland China.  However, these are not taught in Korea and elsewhere.  Therefore, a medial position has been chosen, that of Japanese [[w:Shinjitai]] (新字体).


Because Chinese characters do not contain enough phonetic information, and because transcribing sounds is also needed, a phonetic alphabet is also needed.  Katakana is useful, but is not helpful in spelling foreign words.  The Latin alphabet is not indigenous enough.  Hangul was chosen because it required the least modification.  Whenever possible, in order to facilitate learning by newcomers, Hangul should be written as Ruby, like this:  {{ruby|東京|동공}}.  Only words which are not {{PAGENAME}} should be written as 韓文 alone: 도오교오 (日本).  Foreign words maybe spelled with Korean characters and combinations not used in {{PAGENAME}}.
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! First
| {{Ruby|我|아}}
| {{Ruby|我等|아둥}}
|-
! Second
| {{Ruby|君|군}}  
| {{Ruby|君等|군둥}}  
|}


The {{PAGENAME}} system of Hangul is slightly different from standard Korean.  Some syllables must be written with one of two diacritical marks.  Syllables may end in an off-glide, which has to be written as as &nbsp; ̩ (\0329) or &nbsp; ̞ (\031E).  When these special characters are unavailable, the simple Korean vowels ㅣ (\3163), ㅜ (\315C) may follow the text.  As a last resort, a Latin capital 'T' and a "pipe" may be used.
<br clear="both" />


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
=== Classifiers ===
! colspan="25" | {{PAGENAME}} Syllables
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.
{| class="bluetable"
! Classifier
! Use
|-
| {{Ruby|人|닌}}
| people (general)
|-
| 名 ''men''
| people (polite)
|-
| 台 ''tai''
| machines (computers, cars, etc)
|-
| 匹 ''pit''
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
|-
| 冊 ''jak''
| books, magazines, etc
|-
| 杯 ''pei''
| cups of some drink
|-
| 枚 ''mei''
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
| 条 ''teu''
! colspan="23" | rime
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
|-
|-
! colspan="5" |ㅏ
| 間 ''kan''
! colspan="5" | ㅑ
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
! colspan="3" | ㅔ
! colspan="3" | ㅗ
! colspan="4" | ㅜ
! colspan="3" | ㅣ
|-
|-
!  || 鼻 || 塞 || W || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞 || W || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞 ||  || 鼻 || 塞 ||  || 鼻 || 塞 || Y ||  || 鼻 || 塞
| 個 ''ka''
| anything else
|}
 
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
{| class="bluetable"
! Determiner
! Use
! Example
|-
|-
! ㄱ
| 蛙 ''wa''
| 가 || 강 || 각/갑/갇 || 가̞ || 가̩ || 갸 || 걍 || 갹/걉/갿 || 갸̞ || 갸̩ || 게 || 겡 || 겍/겝/겓 || 고 || 공 || 곡/곱/곧 || 구 || 궁 || 국/굽/굳 || 구̩ || 기 || 깅 || 긱/깁/긷
| amphibians
|
|-
|-
!ㄴ
| 鳥 ''teu''
| 나 || 낭 || 낙/납/낟 || 나̞ || 나̩ || 냐 || 냥 || 냑/냡/냗 || 냐̞ || 냐̩ || 네 || 넹 || 넥/넵/넫 || 노 || 농 || 녹/놉/녿 || 누 || 눙 || 눅/눕/눋 || 누̩ || 니 || 닝 || 닉/닙/닏
| birds
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''
|-
|-
!ㄷ
| 魚 ''o''
| 다 || 당 || 닥/답/닫 || 다̞ || 다̩ || 댜 || 댱 || 댝/댭/댣 || 댜̞ || 댜̩ || 데 || 뎅 || 덱/뎁/덷 || 도 || 동 || 독/돕/돋 || 두 || 둥 || 둑/둡/둗 || 두̩ || 디 || 딩 || 딕/딥/딛
| fish
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''
|-
|-
!ㄹ
| 虫 ''tunu''
| 라 || 랑 || 락/랍/랃 || 라̞ || 라̩ || 랴 || 량 || 략/럅/랻 || 랴̞ || 랴̩ || 레 || 렝 || 렉/렙/렏 || 로 || 롱 || 록/롭/롣 || 루 || 룽 || 룩/룹/룯 || 루̩ || 리 || 링 || 릭/립/릳
| invertebrates
|
|-
|-
!ㅁ
| 獣 ''siu''
| 마 || 망 || 막/맙/맏 || 마̞ || 마̩ || 먀 || 먕 || 먁/먑/먇 || 먀̞ || 먀̩ || 메 || 멩 || 멕/멥/멛 || 모 || 몽 || 목/몹/몯 || 무 || 뭉 || 묵/뭅/묻 || 무̩ || 미 || 밍 || 믹/밉/믿
| mammals
|
|-
|-
!ㅂ
| 龍 ''lon''
| 바 || 방 || 박/밥/받 || 바̞ || 바̩ || 뱌 || 뱡 || 뱍/뱝/뱓 || 뱌̞ || 뱌̩ || 베 || 벵 || 벡/벱/벧 || 보 || 봉 || 복/봅/볻 || 부 || 붕 || 북/붑/붇 || 부̩ || 비 || 빙 || 빅/빕/빋
| reptiles
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lon''
|-
|-
!ㅅ
! colspan="3"|
| 사 || 상 || 삭/삽/삳 || 사̞ || 사̩ || 샤 || 샹 || 샥/샵/샫 || 샤̞ || 샤̩ || 세 || 셍 || 섹/셉/섿 || 소 || 송 || 속/솝/솓 || 수 || 숭 || 숙/숩/숟 || 수̩ || 시 || 싱 || 식/십/싣
|-
|-
!ㅈ
| 花 ''hua''
| 자 || 장 || 작/잡/잗 || 자̞ || 자̩
| flowers
| colspan="5" |  || 제 || 젱 || 젝/젭/젣 || 조 || 종 || 족/좁/졷 || 주 || 중 || 죽/줍/줃 || 주̩ || 지 || 징 || 직/집/짇
|  
|-
|-
!ㅎ
| 草 ''jau''
| 하 || 항 || 학/합/핟 || 하̞ || 하̩ || 햐 || 향 || 햑/햡/햗 || 햐̞ || 햐̩ || 헤 || 헹 || 헥/헵/헫 || 호 || 홍 || 혹/홉/혿 || 후 || 훙 || 훅/훕/훋 || 후̩ || 히 || 힝 || 힉/힙/힏
| grass
|  
|-
|-
!ㅇ
| 木 ''mok''
| 아 || 앙 || 악/압/앋 || 아̞ || 아̩ || 야 || 양 || 약/얍/얃 || 야̞ || 야̩ || 에 || 엥 || 엑/엡/엗 || 오 || 옹 || 옥/옵/옫 || 우 || 웅 || 욱/옵/옫 || 우̩ || 이 || 잉 || 익/입/읻
| trees, bushes
|  
|-
|-
!w/y
! colspan="3"|
| 와 || 왕 || 왁/왑/왇 ||  || 와̩
|-
| colspan="5" |
| 服 ''puk''
| 예 || 옝 || 옉/옙/옏 || 요 || 용 || 욕/욥/욛 || 유 || 융 || 육/윱/윧 || 유̩
| clothes
| colspan="3" |
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puk''
|-
| 飯 ''puen''
| meals
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
===Demonstratives and indefinite===
{| border="1"
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.
| (NounPhrase<sub>TOPIC</sub> + {{ruby|者|자}})?
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
| (NounPhrase<sub>SUBJ.</sub>)?
! width="10%"|
| PostpositionalPhrase*
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')
| VerbPhrase
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')
| (NounPhrase<sub>OBJ.</sub>)?
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')
| SentenceFinalParticle*
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')
|-
!Adjective
|此 ''ji'' <br>this
|其 ''ki'' <br>that
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there
|何 ''ha'' <br>what
|無 ''miu'' <br>no
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every
|某 ''mou'' <br>some
|<br>any
|-
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something
|<br>anything
|-
!Person (人 ''-nin'')
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody
|<br>anybody
|-
!Place (処 ''-jo'')
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere
|<br>anywhere
|-
!Time (時 ''-'')
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime
|<br>anytime
|-
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how
|
|
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow
|
|-
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much
|
|
|
|
|-
!Kind (''-chi'')
|<br>like this
|<br>like that
|<br>like that other kind
|<br>what kind of
|
|
|
|
|-
!Reason (因 ''-in'')
|
|
|
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


{{PAGENAME}} is has a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.  The languages of Asian are split SVO/SOV<ref>http://wals.info/feature/81A#4/27.29/130.08</ref> but because SOV requires making the nominative '''''and''''' accusative, SVO was chosen.  Adverbial phrases and oblique arguments must precede the verb<ref>http://wals.info/feature/84A#4/25.80/126.04</ref>.  The language uses postpositions, genitives precede their noun, as do adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses.  {{PAGENAME}} is a topic-prominent language, featuring pro-drop, wh-word in situ, and copula-drop.
== Lexica ==
{{Main|Dan'a'yo/Lexicography}}
Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000.  Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own.  Characters which are not words (denoted below with an asterisk) have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character.  Every character – in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have ever been used – is assigned to one of four categories: Common, Advanced, Name, and Illegal/Alternate. ''Alternates'' are unacceptable versions of legitimate character and may not be used at all.  ''Name'' characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names.  ''Advanced'' character should only be used after the are introduced and/or defined.  ''Common'' characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning.


=== Nouns ===
=== Grade 1 ===
{{ruby|<big>象</big>|샹}}{{ruby|者|자}} {{ruby|<big>飛行機</big>|비항기}} {{ruby|<big>用</big>|용}} {{ruby|<big>汽油</big>|기유}}
{{Ruby|{{C|一}}|{{C|읻}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|七}}|{{C|칟}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|万}}|{{C|몬}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|三}}|{{C|삼}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|上}}|{{C|샹}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|下}}|{{C|하}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|与}}|{{C|요}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|世}}|{{C|서}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|両}}|{{C|량}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|中}}|{{C|중}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|主}}|{{C|주}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|之}}|{{C|티}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|九}}|{{C|규}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|事}}|{{C|지}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|二}}|{{C|늬}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|于}}|{{C|우}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|五}}|{{C|오}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|交}}|{{C|걋}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|人}}|{{C|닌}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|今}}|{{C|김}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|他}}|{{C|타}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|休}}|{{C|휴}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|会}}|{{C|훠}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|住}}|{{C|주}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|何}}|{{C|하}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|作}}|{{C|작}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|使}}|{{C|시}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|元}}|{{C|원}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|先}}|{{C|선}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|入}}|{{C|닙}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|全}}|{{C|줜}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|八}}|{{C|받}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|六}}|{{C|룩}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|内}}|{{C|뇌}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|冬}}|{{C|통}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|出}}|{{C|춛}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|刀}}|{{C|탓}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|分}}|{{C|분}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|前}}|{{C|전}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|力}}|{{C|릭}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|動}}|{{C|동}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|北}}|{{C|북}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|十}}|{{C|십}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|千}}|{{C|천}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|午}}|{{C|오}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|半}}|{{C|반}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|南}}|{{C|남}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|友}}|{{C|윳}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|口}}|{{C|콧}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|右}}|{{C|유}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|号}}|{{C|핫}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|名}}|{{C|밍}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|向}}|{{C|향}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|君}}|{{C|군}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|和}}|{{C|화}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|哉}}|{{C|재}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|問}}|{{C|문}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|四}}|{{C|싀}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|回}}|{{C|회}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|国}}|{{C|곡}}}}*,
{{Ruby|{{C|圓}}|{{C|원}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|土}}|{{C|토}}}},
{{term|地}}, {{term|場}}, {{term|声}}, {{term|売}}, {{term|夏}}, {{term|外}}, {{term|多}}, {{term|夜}},
{{Ruby|{{C|大}}|{{C|대}}}},
{{Ruby|{{C|天}}|{{C|천}}}},
{{term|太}}, {{term|女}}, {{term|妹}}, {{term|姉}}, {{term|子}}, {{term|字}}, {{term|学}}, {{term|家}}, {{term|宿}}, {{term|対}},
{{Ruby|{{C|小}}|{{C|소}}}}, {{term|少}}, {{term|山}}, {{term|左}}, {{term|已}}, {{term|市}}, {{term|年}}, {{term|幸}}, {{term|度}}, {{term|庭}}, {{term|弟}}, {{term|当}}, {{term|彼}}, {{term|後}}, {{term|心}}, {{term|思}}, {{term|急}}, {{term|想}}, {{term|意}}, {{term|所}}, {{term|手}}, {{term|才}}, {{term|打}}, {{term|持}}, {{term|指}}, {{term|放}}, {{term|教}}, {{term|数}}, {{term|文}}, {{term|新}}, {{term|於}}, {{term|族}}, {{term|日}}, {{term|早}}, {{term|明}}, {{term|春}}, {{term|晴}}, {{term|書}}, {{term|月}}, {{term|有}}, {{term|朝}}, {{term|木}}, {{term|本}}, {{term|村}}, {{term|東}}, {{term|林}}, {{term|某}}, {{term|校}}, {{term|根}}, {{term|森}}, {{term|業}}, {{term|橋}}, {{term|次}}, {{term|歌}}, {{term|正}}, {{term|死}}, {{term|母}}, {{term|毎}}, {{term|毛}}, {{term|気}}, {{term|水}}, {{term|注}}, {{term|活}}, {{term|流}}, {{term|海}}, {{term|深}}, {{term|湖}}, {{term|漢}}, {{term|火}}, {{term|灯}}, {{term|点}}, {{term|父}}, {{term|牛}}, {{term|犬}}, {{term|玉}}, {{term|王}}, {{term|生}}, {{term|用}}, {{term|田}}, {{term|男}}, {{term|画}}, {{term|病}}, {{term|発}}, {{term|白}}, {{term|百}}, {{term|皆}}, {{term|目}}, {{term|相}}, {{term|真}}, {{term|着}}, {{term|知}}, {{term|短}}, {{term|石}}, {{term|研}}, {{term|秋}}, {{term|究}},
{{Ruby|{{C|空}}|{{C|콩}}}}, {{term|立}}, {{term|章}}, {{term|竹}}, {{term|第}}, {{term|筆}}, {{term|等}}, {{term|算}}, {{term|米}}, {{term|糸}}, {{term|紙}}, {{term|細}}, {{term|緑}}, {{term|羊}}, {{term|習}}, {{term|耳}}, {{term|肉}}, {{term|育}}, {{term|船}}, {{term|花}}, {{term|苦}}, {{term|草}}, {{term|薬}},
{{Ruby|{{C|虫}}|{{C|중}}}}, {{term|行}}, {{term|表}}, {{term|西}}, {{term|見}}, {{term|記}}, {{term|話}}, {{term|語}}, {{term|読}}, {{term|談}}, {{term|買}}, {{term|走}}, {{term|起}}, {{term|足}}, {{term|路}}, {{term|車}}, {{term|軽}}, {{term|農}}, {{term|近}}, {{term|送}}, {{term|通}}, {{term|進}}, {{term|道}}, {{term|遠}}, {{term|都}}, {{term|酒}}, {{term|里}}, {{term|重}}, {{term|金}}, {{term|長}}, {{term|門}}, {{term|開}}, {{term|間}}, {{term|集}}, {{term|雨}}, {{term|雪}}, {{term|雲}}, {{term|電}}, {{term|青}}, {{term|音}}, {{term|頗}}, {{term|頭}}, {{term|顔}}, {{term|風}},
{{Ruby|{{C|馬}}|{{C|마}}}}, {{term|高}}, {{term|魚}}, {{term|黄}},
{{Ruby|{{C|黒}}|{{C|훅}}}}.


''Regarding elephants, airplanes use gasoline.''
=== Grade 2 ===
{{C|不}}, {{C|久}}, {{C|乎}}, {{C|乗}}, {{C|争}}, {{C|京}}, {{C|代}}, {{C|以}}, {{C|伝}}, {{C|位}}, {{C|低}}, {{C|例}}, {{C|便}}, {{C|信}}, {{C|個}}, {{C|借}}, {{C|停}}, {{C|備}}, {{C|億}}, {{C|兄}}, {{C|光}}, {{C|児}}, {{C|公}}, {{C|共}}, {{C|兵}}, {{C|典}}, {{C|再}}, {{C|冷}}, {{C|列}}, {{C|初}}, {{C|別}}, {{C|利}}, {{C|功}}, {{C|加}}, {{C|労}}, {{C|勇}}, {{C|勝}}, {{C|化}}, {{C|医}}, {{C|単}}, {{C|印}}, {{C|危}}, {{C|収}}, {{C|取}}, {{C|古}}, {{C|句}}, {{C|各}}, {{C|合}}, {{C|同}}, {{C|告}}, {{C|唱}}, {{C|図}}, {{C|固}}, {{C|在}}, {{C|坐}}, {{C|城}}, {{C|基}}, {{C|堂}}, {{C|報}}, {{C|増}}, {{C|士}}, {{C|変}}, {{C|失}}, {{C|好}}, {{C|守}}, {{C|完}}, {{C|官}}, {{C|定}}, {{C|室}}, {{C|害}}, {{C|察}}, {{C|将}}, {{C|就}}, {{C|屋}}, {{C|展}}, {{C|岩}}, {{C|島}}, {{C|己}}, {{C|布}}, {{C|希}}, {{C|席}}, {{C|帰}}, {{C|常}}, {{C|干}}, {{C|平}}, {{C|広}}, {{C|店}}, {{C|建}}, {{C|弓}}, {{C|引}}, {{C|弱}}, {{C|強}}, {{C|形}}, {{C|往}}, {{C|待}}, {{C|従}}, {{C|得}}, {{C|忘}}, {{C|快}}, {{C|念}}, {{C|悲}}, {{C|情}}, {{C|愛}}, {{C|成}}, {{Ruby|{{C|我}}|{{C|아}}}}, {{C|戦}}, {{C|戸}}, {{C|技}}, {{C|投}}, {{C|挙}}, {{C|接}}, {{C|推}}, {{C|支}}, {{C|改}}, {{C|政}}, {{C|故}}, {{C|救}}, {{C|敗}}, {{C|散}}, {{C|料}}, {{C|方}}, {{C|旧}}, {{C|昨}}, {{C|時}}, {{C|晩}}, {{C|暑}}, {{C|暖}}, {{C|暗}}, {{C|最}}, {{C|望}}, {{C|期}}, {{C|未}}, {{C|来}}, {{C|松}}, {{C|果}}, {{C|栄}}, {{C|案}}, {{C|植}}, {{C|極}}, {{C|楽}}, {{C|樹}}, {{C|止}}, {{C|此}}, {{C|歩}}, {{C|歴}}, {{C|殺}}, {{C|比}}, {{C|民}}, {{C|氷}}, {{C|永}}, {{C|求}}, {{C|決}}, {{C|河}}, {{C|油}}, {{C|治}}, {{C|洗}}, {{C|浅}}, {{C|清}}, {{C|満}}, {{C|漁}}, {{C|無}}, {{C|然}}, {{C|熱}}, {{C|爾}}, {{C|片}}, {{C|物}}, {{C|特}}, {{C|現}}, {{C|理}}, {{C|産}}, {{C|由}}, {{C|留}}, {{C|番}}, {{C|登}}, {{C|的}}, {{C|皮}}, {{C|直}}, {{C|省}}, {{C|看}}, {{C|破}}, {{C|示}}, {{C|祖}}, {{C|祝}}, {{C|神}}, {{C|科}}, {{C|移}}, {{C|種}}, {{C|窓}}, {{C|童}}, {{C|競}}, {{C|笑}}, {{C|答}}, {{C|節}}, {{C|約}}, {{C|紅}}, {{C|終}}, {{C|給}}, {{C|続}}, {{C|線}}, {{C|練}}, {{C|美}}, {{C|義}}, {{C|老}}, {{C|考}}, {{C|聞}}, {{C|能}}, {{C|脚}}, {{C|自}}, {{C|興}}, {{C|舎}}, {{C|良}}, {{C|色}}, {{C|芸}}, {{C|英}}, {{C|莫}}, {{C|菜}}, {{C|落}}, {{C|葉}}, {{C|血}}, {{C|街}}, {{C|衣}}, {{C|要}}, {{C|親}}, {{C|観}}, {{C|角}}, {{C|計}}, {{C|訪}}, {{C|設}}, {{C|試}}, {{C|詩}}, {{C|誤}}, {{C|説}}, {{C|課}}, {{C|調}}, {{C|講}}, {{C|謝}}, {{C|議}}, {{C|谷}}, {{C|豆}}, {{C|豊}}, {{C|貨}}, {{C|責}}, {{C|貴}}, {{C|赤}}, {{C|身}}, {{C|軍}}, {{C|追}}, {{C|退}}, {{C|速}}, {{C|連}}, {{C|運}}, {{C|過}}, {{C|達}}, {{C|適}}, {{C|選}}, {{C|部}}, {{C|野}}, {{C|量}}, {{C|鉄}}, {{C|銀}}, {{C|銭}}, {{C|関}}, {{C|難}}, {{C|静}}, {{C|非}}, {{C|面}}, {{C|順}}, {{C|題}}, {{C|願}}, {{C|類}}, {{C|飛}}, {{C|飯}}, {{C|養}}, {{C|首}}, {{C|鳥}}, {{C|鳴}}, {{C|麦}}, {{C|鼻}}


Unlike English, most of the languages of Asia are verb-centric.  This can be discerned by the fact that adjectives are stative verbs, not substantive nouns.  In all the languages of our region, nouns are not marked for number, gender, or case. 
=== Grade 3 ===
{{C|丁}}, {{C|且}}, {{C|丙}}, {{C|乙}}, {{C|也}}, {{C|乾}}, {{C|井}}, {{C|令}}, {{C|仮}}, {{C|但}}, {{C|体}}, {{C|余}}, {{C|佛}}, {{C|佳}}, {{C|価}}, {{C|係}}, {{C|俗}}, {{C|保}}, {{C|修}}, {{C|倍}}, {{C|偉}}, {{C|傷}}, {{C|充}}, {{C|其}}, {{C|冊}}, {{C|写}}, {{C|凡}}, {{C|凶}}, {{C|判}}, {{C|到}}, {{C|則}}, {{C|助}}, {{C|効}}, {{C|勉}}, {{C|務}}, {{C|勢}}, {{C|勤}}, {{C|勧}}, {{C|匹}}, {{C|協}}, {{C|即}}, {{C|卵}}, {{C|厚}}, {{C|原}}, {{C|厳}}, {{C|又}}, {{C|及}}, {{C|反}}, {{C|叔}}, {{C|受}}, {{C|只}}, {{C|可}}, {{C|吹}}, {{C|味}}, {{C|呼}}, {{C|命}}, {{C|哀}}, {{C|品}}, {{C|商}}, {{C|喪}}, {{C|困}}, {{C|園}}, {{C|均}}, {{C|執}}, {{C|堅}}, {{C|墨}}, {{C|壮}}, {{C|夕}}, {{C|如}}, {{C|妻}}, {{C|始}}, {{C|姓}}, {{C|威}}, {{C|婚}}, {{C|婦}}, {{C|存}}, {{C|季}}, {{C|孫}}, {{C|宅}}, {{C|宇}}, {{C|安}}, {{C|宗}}, {{C|宙}}, {{C|実}}, {{C|客}}, {{C|容}}, {{C|密}}, {{C|富}}, {{C|寒}}, {{C|寸}}, {{C|寺}}, {{C|寿}}, {{C|射}}, {{C|尚}}, {{C|尤}}, {{C|尺}}, {{C|尽}}, {{C|局}}, {{C|居}}, {{C|崇}},
{{Ruby|{{C|川}}|{{C|천}}}}, {{C|工}}, {{C|巨}}, {{C|巻}}, {{C|帝}}, {{C|幾}}, {{C|序}}, {{C|式}}, {{C|張}}, {{C|律}}, {{C|徒}}, {{C|復}}, {{C|徳}}, {{C|必}}, {{C|忍}}, {{C|忙}}, {{C|応}}, {{C|忠}}, {{C|怒}}, {{C|性}}, {{C|恨}}, {{C|息}}, {{C|悟}}, {{C|患}}, {{C|悦}}, {{C|悪}}, {{C|惜}}, {{C|愁}}, {{C|感}}, {{C|慶}}, {{C|憶}}, {{C|房}}, {{C|扶}}, {{C|承}}, {{C|抱}}, {{C|招}}, {{C|拝}}, {{C|拾}}, {{C|授}}, {{C|採}}, {{C|探}}, {{C|揚}}, {{C|敢}}, {{C|整}}, {{C|敵}}, {{C|斗}}, {{C|旅}}, {{C|既}}, {{C|易}}, {{C|星}}, {{C|是}}, {{C|昼}}, {{C|暴}}, {{C|曲}}, {{C|更}}, {{C|曽}}, {{C|朋}}, {{C|服}}, {{C|末}}, {{C|朴}}, {{C|杯}}, {{C|柔}}, {{C|柳}}, {{C|栽}}, {{C|様}}, {{C|権}}, {{C|歓}}, {{C|武}}, {{C|歯}}, {{C|歳}}, {{C|氏}}, {{C|江}}, {{C|沖}}, {{C|波}}, {{C|泳}}, {{C|洋}}, {{C|洞}}, {{C|浄}}, {{C|浪}}, {{C|浮}}, {{C|浴}}, {{C|涼}}, {{C|混}}, {{C|渇}}, {{C|減}}, {{C|湯}}, {{C|潔}}, {{C|為}}, {{C|烈}}, {{C|煙}}, {{C|猶}}, {{C|球}}, {{C|瓦}}, {{C|甘}}, {{C|甚}}, {{C|甲}}, {{C|申}}, {{C|界}}, {{C|異}}, {{C|皇}}, {{C|益}}, {{C|盛}}, {{C|眠}}, {{C|眼}}, {{C|礼}}, {{C|福}}, {{C|秀}}, {{C|私}}, {{C|税}}, {{C|穀}}, {{C|端}}, {{C|篇}}, {{C|精}}, {{C|純}}, {{C|素}}, {{C|経}}, {{C|結}}, {{C|統}}, {{C|絶}}, {{C|罪}}, {{C|羽}}, {{C|者}}, {{C|聖}}, {{C|聴}}, {{C|胸}}, {{C|脱}}, {{C|致}}, {{C|舌}}, {{C|舞}}, {{C|若}}, {{C|茶}}, {{C|華}}, {{Ruby|{{C|虎}}|{{C|호}}}}, {{C|製}}, {{C|解}}, {{C|言}}, {{C|許}}, {{C|証}}, {{C|認}}, {{C|誠}}, {{C|請}}, {{C|論}}, {{C|譲}}, {{C|貝}}, {{Ruby|{{C|負}}|{{C|뷰}}}}, {{C|賀}}, {{C|賞}}, {{C|質}}, {{C|迎}}, {{C|造}}, {{C|遇}}, {{C|遊}}, {{C|遺}}, {{C|郷}}, {{C|針}}, {{C|鐘}}, {{C|閉}}, {{C|閑}}, {{C|防}}, {{C|降}}, {{C|限}}, {{C|除}}, {{C|陰}}, {{C|陽}}, {{C|雄}}, {{C|霜}}, {{C|露}}, {{C|革}}, {{C|頂}}, {{C|須}}, {{C|領}}, {{C|食}}, {{C|飲}}, {{C|館}}, {{C|香}}, {{C|驚}}, {{C|鮮}}, {{C|鶏}}


Word order determines a great deal of meaning.  Topics must come first in the sentence and be marked with the postposition {{ruby|者|자}}.  The subject may be dropped.  Postpositional phrases must come before the verb.  Objects must come after the verb.  Topics serve a variety of grammatical roles, but one of the most important is possession, which is indicated by POSSESSOR-topic POSSESSEE exist.
=== Grade Four ===
<!--less than seven fifty more than six hundred twenty eight//-->
丸, 丹, 乱, 了, 互, 亡, 仁, 付, 仙, 仰, 件, 任, 伏, 伐, 供, 依, 倉, 倒, 候, 値, 健, 側, 像, 兆, 克, 免, 党, 冒, 切, 刊, 刑, 制, 刷, 刻, 剛, 副, 割, 創, 努, 包, 区, 博, 占, 参, 双, 叫, 台, 史, 司, 吉, 吟, 否, 吸, 周, 員, 唯, 善, 喜, 器, 因, 団, 囲, 圧, 塊, 塩, 境, 墓, 壊, 夢, 央, 奉, 奮, 委, 孝, 宜, 宣, 宮, 宴, 寄, 封, 専, 尊, 導, 尾, 属, 層, {{Ruby|{{C|岸}}|{{C|안}}}}, 差, 師, 帯, 帳, 幹, 庁, 床, 底, 府, 庫, 康, 延, 彩, 影, 径, 志, 怨, 恒, 恩, 恵, 慈, 態, 慢, 慣, 憂, 或, 批, 折, 抽, 拍, 拡, 掌, 掛, 提, 換, 揮, 敬, 断, 施, 旗, 昔, 景, 朗, 材, 束, 条, 板, 染, 柱, 査, 株, 梅, 械, 検, 楼, 概, 構, 模, 横, 機, 欠, 欲, 段, 毒, 池, 没, 沿, 況, 泉, 法, 泣, 泰, 派, 済, 渓, 温, 測, 港, 源, 準, 漂, 演, 激, 灰, 災, 炎, 焼, 照, 煩, 熟, 燃, 版, 牧, 犯, 状, 独, 率, 班, 略, 疑, 痛, 県, 睡, 確, 礎, 票, 祭, 禁, 秒, 秘, 程, 積, 突, 策, 管, 簡, 粉, 糖, 系, 紀, 級, 累, 組, 継, 緊, 総, 編, 縮, 績, 織, 群, 翻, 而, 耕, 職, 肥, 肺, 胃, 背, 脈, 脳, 腸, 臓, 臣, 臥, 臨, 至, 航, 芽, 茂, 蔵, 藍, 虚, 衆, 術, 衛, 装, 補, 規, 視, 覚, 覧, 訓, 訳, 訴, 評, 詞, 該, 識, 護, 象, 貞, 財, 貧, 貯, 費, 貿, 資, 賛, 賢, 跳, 践, 転, 較, 輪, 輸, 辺, 返, 述, 迷, 逆, 逓, 遅, 遍, 還, 郵, 配, 酸, 鉱, 銅, 鋼, 錯, 録, 鏡, 附, 院, 陸, 険, 隊, 階, 際, 雑, 雖, 離, 零, 需, 響, 飽, 餓, 騎, 験, 骨, 髪, 鬼, 龍


==== The Noun Phrase ====
=== Grade 5 ===
{| border="1"
<!--six hundred twenty nine down to five hundred...//-->
| (Determiner - [ {{ruby|此|지}} or {{ruby|其|기}} or {{ruby|彼|비}} ])?
塞, 鎖, 荒, 錬, 縁, 震, 麗, 亜, 浸, 寂, 把, 般, 敏, 核, 侮, 振, 枯, 殿, 培, 寡, 越, 循, 娘,
| AdjectivalPhrase*
{{Ruby|{{C|苗}}|{{C|먓}}}}, 抵, 裕, 盲, 亭, 削, 偶, 僚, 兼, 含, 妥, 孤, 妨, 押, 御, 抑, 斥, 拳, 愚, 枕, 漫, 洪, 辱, 籍, 衡, 旋, 狂, 衰, 漆, 爆, 猛, 疾, 蜜, 租, 踏, 眉, 獲, 衝, 震, 繁, 旬, 索, 絡, 頃, 騒, 娯, 寧, 峰, 廃, 懸, 慎, 惨, 捜, 綱, 緩, 縁, 罰, 脅, 唇, 胞, 騰, 薦, 襲, 懐, 謡, 謙, 謹, 贈, 跡, 珍, 鑑, 鉛, 鋳, 鎖, 鎮, 陥, 隠, 隷, 麗, 亜, 債, 傾, 償, 墳, 摂, 叙, 嘆, 渉, 潤, 濫, 沢, 錬, 毀, 炉, 奔, 獄, 猟, 獣, 症, 監, 荒, 巡, 沈, 稿, 奴, 塞, 罷, 丘, 州, 笛, 荷, 具, 炭, 消, 予, 役, 幕, 域, 署, 垂, 姿, 潮, 誌, 障, 蒸, 憲, 担, 納, 縦, 蚕, 誕, 宝, 盟, 汽, 社, 勿, 烏, 乃, 郡, 裡, 阿, 卒, 桃, 滴, 漏, 慰, 微, 腰, 薄, 隔, 埋, 恐, 召, 架, 吐, 拒, 磨, 穫, 戚, 弄, 替, 摘, 升, 雷, 欺, 臭, 珠, 渡, 悔, 蛇, 挑, 冠, 添, 伸, 傍, 偏, 企,
| Noun
{{Ruby|{{C|丈}}|{{C|장}}}}, 催, 侵, 傲, 伯, 孔, 幅, 征, 巧, 悠, 抗, 捉, 抄, 慕, 梨, 析, 斜, 援, 普, 途, 殊, 漠, 燥, 捕, 趣, 迫, 疲, 距, 避, 遵, 耐, 覆, 超, 肝, 逐, 紫, 符, 郊, 硬, 肯, 腐, 透,
| (Honorific Suffix - {{ruby|尊|종}})?
{{Ruby|{{C|秩}}|{{C|딛}}}}, 碑, 矛, 霧, 項, 顧, 奪, 姻, 賓, 寛, 尋, 棄, 弾, 徹, 怪, 懇, 戯, 掃, 抜, 擁, 択, 拠, 称, 稲, 窮, 奇, 糧, 糾, 紛, 緒, 維, 粛, 膚, 慮, 触, 訂, 貢, 貫, 輝, 違, 酔, 釈, 鋭, 閲, 陣, 随, 享, 僅, 儀, 励, 却, 弔, 啓, 哲, 黙, 泥, 暁, 刺, 濃, 塗, {{Ruby|{{C|涙}}|{{C|뤼}}}}, 漸, 湿, 滅, 献, 環, 貌, 蓋, 盗, 揺, 盾, 徴, 闘, 軟, 盤, 牙, 閣, 穴, 腹, 瓜, 蒼, 柏, 昏, 坂, 箱, 複, 貸, 似, 格, 額, 綿, 築, 営, 置, 辞, 残, 標, 桑, 陵, 妙, 韓, 倫, 俱, 聡, 兎,
| ClassifierPhrase
{{Ruby|{{C|垂}}|{{C|쉬}}}}
|}
 
The noun phrase consists of an optional determiner ({{ruby|此|지}}, {{ruby|其|기}}, or {{ruby|彼|비}}), any adjectival phrases, the noun itself, an optional honorific suffix ({{ruby|尊|종}}), an optional plural suffix (simple or associative), and an optional classifier phrase.
=== Grade 6 ===
喃, 仗, 頸, 溺, 憧, 拭, 曖, 尉, 虐, 尻, 迭, 娠, 蹴, 褐, 酵, 狩, 眺, 哺, 潟, 裸, 胎, 箸, 硝, 腕, 酪, 痴, 窒, 癒, 顎, 妊, 弥, 痘, 瞳, 垣, 箋, 紺, 肌, 赦, 腺, 癖, 缶, 渋, 薫, 遡, 漬, 褒, 渦, 訃, 魅, 軸, 欧, 釜, 錠, 稽, 唄, 骸, 墜, 叉, 札, 巣, 肘, 咬, 晶, 捻, 抹, 棺, 敷, 彰, 汁, 澄, 汰, 膜, 崖, 帆, 嫉, 斑, 隙, 梗, 妖, 肢, 肪, 嗅, 魔, 沼, 沃, 炊, 膝, 凹, 融, 凸, 硫, 匠, 衷, 頒, 頬, 髄, 塁, 峡, 挟, 掘, 堪, 粋, 爽, 紡, 紳, 絞, 締, 呈, 腎, 舶, 繭, 茎, 艇, 賄, 賂, 賭, 踪, 轄, 遜, 滋, 虹, 閥, 侶, 偵, 槽, 刹, 剤, 喩, 斬, 描, 旨, 脊, 脂, 岐, 悼, 尿, 殴, 砲, 昧, 靴, 爪, 狭, 曜, 券, 枚, 筋, 矮, 辦, 鞋, 嗚, 姦, 屢, 桜, 嫌, 餅, 型, 勺, 暦, 契, 暇, 冥, 豚, 銃, 殉, 濯, 鈍, 郭, 賜, 廷, 妃, 遂, 朱, 簿, 謁, 蛍, 憎, 遣, 佐, 涯, 篤, 僧, 稚, 禅, 矯, 儒, 爵, 拂, 募, 庶, 岳, 寝, 粧, 壌, 浦, 勃, 幻, 撤, 喚, 扇, 剝, 彫, 昆, 彙, 朽, 柄, 伺, 泌, 氾, 殖, 坑, 怖, 棋, 巾, 冶, 辣, 殻, 踊, 雰, 溝, 婆, 購, 串, 焦, 艶, 阻, 診, 痕, 湧, 酷, 雇, 酬, 艦, 胆, 緻, 蔑, 腫, 剖, 股, 網, 縫, 縛, 泡, 溶, 窟, 駄, 遮, 紋, 籠, 窯, 沸, 掲, 唆, 遭, 頑, 療, 畳, 駐, 奥, 捨, 賃, 絹, 璃, 搭, 棒, 絵, 竟, 碗, 穿, 禽, 播, 括, 握, 拐, 圏, 噴, 嚇, 慌, 控, 款, 迅, 堆, 鍵, 鍋, 舗, 釣, 煮, 厘, 酢, 賠, 咽, 貼, 粗, 猫, 粘, 滑, 託, 袖, 醒, 陪, 傘, 縄, 繊, 准, 粒, 犠, 袋, 穏, 砕, 挿, 撲, 盆, 乏, 畝, 罵, 齢, 填, 弁, 瓣, 飼, 仲, 届, 昭, 液, 拉, 擦, 那, 喫, 剰, 帽, 戴, 瞭, 鍛, 玩, 椅, 喝, 紹, 搬, 頓, 瓶, 麺, 禍, 屯, 沙, 崩, 亀, 慄, 玄, 戒, 惑, 拓, 怠, 恭, 芳, 幽, 雅, 蔽, 陶, 拙, 醜, 恋, 邪, 蓄, 誓, 疫, 壇, 妄, 麻, 泊, 舟, 翼, 蜂, 鹿, 祥, 菌, 淡, 酌, 卓, 肖, 遷, 廉, 祈, 韻, 畏, 翁, 邦, 葬, 拘, 赴, 疎, 頻, 駆, 庸, 顕, 凝, 暫, 携, 傑, 詠, 菊, 欄, 刃, 撃, 倹, 偽, 促, 隆, 俊, 銘, 雌, 隣, 卑, 躍, 頼, 賦, 侍, 濁, 賊, 貳, 貪, 販, 譜, 堕, 謀, 誘, 詐, 訟, 乞, 蛮, 滞, 荘, 潜, 履, 恥, 羅, 霊, 媒, 畜, 誇, 伴, 淫, 審, 幣, 帥, 弦, 宰, 慨, 懲, 悩, 惧, 徐, 劣, 窃, 矢, 汝, 週, 磁, 討, 映, 裁, 奏, 操, 乳, 優
 
=== Advanced ===
卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿,
{{Ruby|{{term|鰭}}|{{C|긔}}}}
 
=== Naming ===
{{term|巳}}, {{term|兀}}, {{term|壬}}, {{term|刈}}, {{term|巴}}, {{term|亢}}, {{term|尹}}, {{term|仄}}, {{term|廿}}, {{term|什}}, {{term|曰}}, {{term|歹}}, {{term|仍}}, {{term|弘}}, {{term|卉}}, {{term|卯}}, {{term|戊}}, {{term|汀}}, {{term|仔}}, {{term|疋}}, {{term|乍}}, {{term|叭}}, {{term|弗}}, {{term|瓜}}, {{term|尼}}, {{term|牟}}, {{term|朴}}, {{term|戍}}, {{term|圭}}, {{term|肋}}, {{term|旭}}, {{term|汎}}, {{term|芝}}, {{term|丞}}, {{term|匈}}, {{term|朶}}, {{term|芋}}, {{term|伊}}, {{term|伍}}, {{term|卍}}, {{term|亥}}, {{term|尖}}, {{term|艮}}, {{term|戌}}, {{term|曳}}, {{term|杏}}, {{term|阮}}, {{term|佑}}, {{term|伶}}, {{term|汪}}, {{term|佃}}, {{term|舛}}, {{term|牡}}, {{term|呂}}, {{term|些}}, {{term|戻}}, {{term|劫}}, {{term|芭}}, {{term|杉}}, {{term|伽}}, {{term|灼}}, {{term|李}}, {{term|兎}}, {{term|呉}}, {{term|甫}}, {{term|汲}}, {{term|壱}}, {{term|祁}}, {{term|吞}}, {{term|辰}}, {{term|囧}}, {{term|罔}}, {{term|狐}}, {{term|邸}}, {{term|抛}}, {{term|侃}}, {{term|虱}}, {{term|尭}}, {{term|阜}}, {{term|昊}}, {{term|孟}}, {{term|竺}}, {{term|祇}}, {{term|坪}}, {{term|奄}}, {{term|坤}}, {{term|刮}}, {{term|邱}}, {{term|宕}}, {{term|沓}}, {{term|侑}}, {{term|姑}}, {{term|岬}}, {{term|邵}}, {{term|岡}}, {{term|珈}}, {{term|孩}}, {{term|哈}}, {{term|侠}}, {{term|頁}}, {{term|勅}}, {{term|姚}}, {{term|柑}}, {{term|柿}}, {{term|珉}}, {{term|娃}}, {{term|殃}}, {{term|姥}}, {{term|郁}}, {{term|柏}}, {{term|洲}}, {{term|胡}}, {{term|栃}}, {{term|祐}}, {{term|拶}}, {{term|胤}}, {{term|垓}}, {{term|韋}}, {{term|珂}}, {{term|咸}}, {{term|柴}}, {{term|禹}}, {{term|兪}}, {{term|姜}}, {{term|彦}}, {{term|洛}}, {{term|朔}}, {{term|蚤}}, {{term|豹}}, {{term|栗}}, {{term|郝}}, {{term|烏}}, {{term|狸}}, {{term|桓}}, {{term|哥}}, {{term|桧}}, {{term|秦}}, {{term|胰}}, {{term|衲}}, {{term|芻}}, {{term|唉}}, {{term|恣}}, {{term|隼}}, {{term|陛}}, {{term|挨}}, {{term|豈}}, {{term|桂}}, {{term|玖}}, {{term|挺}}, {{term|姫}}, {{term|桟}}, {{term|酎}}, {{term|俺}}, {{term|釘}}, {{term|奚}}, {{term|拿}}, {{term|蚊}}, {{term|俯}}, {{term|祢}}, {{term|唐}}, {{term|袁}}, {{term|釧}}, {{term|猪}}, {{term|捺}}, {{term|崙}}, {{term|淵}}, {{term|鹵}}, {{term|苹}}, {{term|這}}, {{term|盒}}, {{term|苑}}, {{term|寅}}, {{term|甜}}, {{term|梁}}, {{term|堀}}, {{term|曼}}, {{term|雀}}, {{term|埼}}, {{term|晨}}, {{term|曹}}, {{term|萄}}, {{term|苟}}, {{term|翌}}, {{term|亀}}, {{term|崔}}, {{term|淳}}, {{term|卿}}, {{term|琶}}, {{term|凱}}, {{term|蛞}}, {{term|腔}}, {{term|棗}}, {{term|茫}}, {{term|雁}}, {{term|犂}}, {{term|跌}}, {{term|欽}}, {{term|弼}}, {{term|遁}}, {{term|嵐}}, {{term|厥}}, {{term|巽}}, {{term|壷}}, {{term|飧}}, {{term|塚}}, {{term|茨}}, {{term|猩}}, {{term|舜}}, {{term|喬}}, {{term|閔}}, {{term|覃}}, {{term|彭}}, {{term|鄂}}, {{term|椎}}, {{term|馮}}, {{term|貂}}, {{term|臍}}, {{term|琵}}, {{term|湊}}, {{term|斯}}, {{term|媛}}, {{term|茸}}, {{term|鈩}}, {{term|傅}}, {{term|蛙}}, {{term|虞}}, {{term|搾}}, {{term|煎}}, {{term|裾}}, {{term|蛾}}, {{term|牒}}, {{term|鄒}}, {{term|㐮}}, {{term|賈}}, {{term|椰}}, {{term|鼎}}, {{term|煤}}, {{term|媽}}, {{term|蜀}}, {{term|猿}}, {{term|鉤}}, {{term|楠}}, {{term|嫁}}, {{term|祿}}, {{term|葛}}, {{term|鼠}}, {{term|楊}}, {{term|碁}}, {{term|爺}}, {{term|楚}}, {{term|楕}}, {{term|閨}}, {{term|裴}}, {{term|嘗}}, {{term|甄}}, {{term|鳶}}, {{term|慷}}, {{term|蕉}}, {{term|禎}}, {{term|熊}}, {{term|菅}}, {{term|僕}}, {{term|銑}}, {{term|蔡}}, {{term|趙}}, {{term|蝋}}, {{term|廖}}, {{term|聡}}, {{term|瑠}}, {{term|踝}}, {{term|箕}}, {{term|廠}}, {{term|蝉}}, {{term|黎}}, {{term|蝓}}, {{term|醇}}, {{term|蝸}}, {{term|劉}}, {{term|撇}}, {{term|魯}}, {{term|稼}}, {{term|鴎}}, {{term|撞}}, {{term|駕}}, {{term|蝦}}, {{term|餃}}, {{term|嬉}}, {{term|熬}}, {{term|駒}}, {{term|凜}}, {{term|葡}}, {{term|豎}}, {{term|鋒}}, {{term|畿}}, {{term|靠}}, {{term|潘}}, {{term|蝶}}, {{term|錫}}, {{term|錆}}, {{term|蒙}}, {{term|蹄}}, {{term|鮎}}, {{term|橘}}, {{term|薪}}, {{term|踵}}, {{term|錐}}, {{term|璣}}, {{term|蕭}}, {{term|燕}}, {{term|薛}}, {{term|駱}}, {{term|閻}}, {{term|橐}}, {{term|醍}}, {{term|叡}}, {{term|諡}}, {{term|盧}}, {{term|頤}}, {{term|螂}}, {{term|嬢}}, {{term|牆}}, {{term|謄}}, {{term|鮫}}, {{term|磯}}, {{term|儧}}, {{term|檗}}, {{term|鞠}}, {{term|檀}}, {{term|幇}}, {{term|霞}}, {{term|醤}}, {{term|擡}}, {{term|蒋}}, {{term|膿}}, {{term|蟄}}, {{term|鴻}}, {{term|鮟}}, {{term|嶺}}, {{term|鵝}}, {{term|攄}}, {{term|鯉}}, {{term|藤}}, {{term|藩}}, {{term|魏}}, {{term|鎬}}, {{term|麒}}, {{term|麓}}, {{term|龐}}, {{term|藻}}, {{term|瀧}}, {{term|鵰}}, {{term|繋}}, {{term|鯛}}, {{term|蟹}}, {{term|鯨}}, {{term|譚}}, {{term|襖}}, {{term|隴}}, {{term|鰌}}, {{term|鰐}}, {{term|朧}}, {{term|籃}}, {{term|鶴}}, {{term|蠣}}, {{term|纏}}, {{term|齦}}, {{term|灌}}, {{term|轟}}, {{term|蘇}}, {{term|穣}}, {{term|鱇}}, {{term|灘}}, {{term|龔}}, {{term|麟}}, {{term|鷺}}, {{term|欒}}, {{term|蘭}}, {{term|鱒}}, {{term|攬}}, {{term|鷹}}, {{term|鑽}}, {{term|菱}},
{{Ruby|{{C|梛}}|{{C|나}}}}
 
== Sample ==
* [[単亜語/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
 
== Links ==
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]


==== Pronouns ====
The most polite thing to do is drop the pronoun.  This is humble if you are speak about yourself, and it is middle-ground for speaking to another.  To be polite, use the person's title.  Using their name or "you" is much more intimate.


=== Verbs ===
== References ==
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|붇}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|항}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|종}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|랴̞}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|가}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|주}} for irrealis).
<references />
<references />
== Bibliography ==
=== Linguistics ===
: Holm, John A. ''Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure ''. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
: ---. ''Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey ''. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
: McWhorter, John. ''Language A to Z''.  Columbia University.  The Great Courses, 2013.  CD and booklet.
=== Chinese ===
: Kroll, Paul W. ''A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese''. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
: Miller, Roy A. ''Dictionary of Spoken Chinese''.  Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
: Rouzer, Paul. ''A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.
=== Japanese ===
: Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. ''Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar'' (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.
=== Korean ===
: Martin, Samuel E. ''Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language.'' Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
: 新活用玉篇.  Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975
=== Language Construction ===
: Okrent, Arika. ''In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius''. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
: Rosenfelder, Mark. ''The Language Construction Kit''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
: ---. ''The Planet Construction Kit''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
: ---. ''Advanced Language Construction''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
: ---. ''The Conlanger's Lexipedia''. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.


=== Sentence Final Particles ===
[[Category:A posteriori‎]]
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
[[Category:Dan'a'yo]]
{{Aquatiki}}

Latest revision as of 23:37, 30 March 2024

Dan'a'yo
単亜語
Universal Language Map
Writingw:新字体
Region:w:East Asia
Genders:0
Cases:0
Proto-language:w:Sinosphere
Typology:Analytic
Word-OrderSVO
Languages:w:Korean language,

w:Japanese language, w:Chinese language w:Vietnamese language

Population:1500 million
Flag of Dan'a'yo

Africa: SEDES • Middle Semitic • Kintu • Guosa Central Asia: Jalpi • Caucas • Zens • Dravindian • Neo-Sanskrit Europe: Intralingua • Folksprak • Interslavic • Balkan • Samboka Far East: Dan'a'yo • IM • MSEAL

単亜語(단아요) is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the East Asian cultural sphere. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the shinjitai (新字体) standards of Japan. The Hangǔl alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.

Anthropology

Main article: 単亜語/Anthropology

Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. The ancient w:Imperial examination (科挙(콰교)) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same w:Chinese classics and learned the same law codes. Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate. With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking w:Classical Chinese and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.

The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese. Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common. They even share some vocabulary. There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven. There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence. There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.

Phonologies

Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region. Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest. The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system. All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels. Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda. Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ there. Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/. In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn something, but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.

Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in. The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole. Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write. A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters. A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon. Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants. Korean Hangul is generally well-suited.

Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region. Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process. Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age. Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride. Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education. Many teaching resources are still needed.

Phonology

単亜語 has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.

単亜語 Consonants
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasals ㅁ /m/ ㄴ /n/ ㅇ /ŋ/
Aspirates ㅍ /pʰ/ ㅌ /tʰ/ ㅊ /t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/ ㅋ /kʰ/
Voiced ㅂ /b~p/ ㄷ /d~t/ ㅈ /dʑ~tɕ/ ㄱ /g~k/
Fricatives ㅅ /s ~ ɕ/ ㅎ /h ~ ɦ ~ x/
Sonorants w /w/ ㄹ /l ~ ɾ/ y/j/

(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.) While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.


単亜語 Vowels
Vowels
Front Central Back
High 이 /i ~ ɪ/ 우 /u ~ ɯ/
Mid 어 /e ~ e̞/ 오 /o ~ o̞/
Low 아 /a ~ ä/

Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!


Phonotactics

Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.

Syntax

Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after. There are no particles to mark subject or object.


Relationship Particle English Mandarin Cantonese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Topic as for - - は wa 은/는 (n)ǔn cái
Vocative 哉(재) O ya yeo 야
Dative 于(우) to - - に 에게 đến
Genitive 之(티) of 的 嘅 の 의 của
Instrumental 以(이) by 用 用 で 로/으로
Locative 於(오) in, on, at 在 喺 に 에
Comitative 共(굥) together with
Assoc. Pl. 等(둥) et. al. 們 哋 たち 들
Perfective 已(이) -ed 了 咗 た/だ 았/었 đã
Progressive 中(중) -ing 아/어
Nominalizer 物(묻) -ed
Nominalizer 事(지) -ing
Adnominalizer 之(티)
Adverbializer 様(양) -ly
NP And 与(오) and
VP And 而(니) and

Sentence Final Particles

Pronouns

Singular Plural
Casual First 我(아) 我等(아둥)
Second 君(군) 君等(군둥)


Classifiers

Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.

Classifier Use
人(닌) people (general)
名 men people (polite)
台 tai machines (computers, cars, etc)
匹 pit animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
冊 jak books, magazines, etc
杯 pei cups of some drink
枚 mei flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
条 teu long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
間 kan periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
個 ka anything else

Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.

Determiner Use Example
蛙 wa amphibians
鳥 teu birds Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu
魚 o fish nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o
虫 tunu invertebrates
獣 siu mammals
龍 lon reptiles tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lon
花 hua flowers
草 jau grass
木 mok trees, bushes
服 puk clothes kimono キモノ服 kimono-puk
飯 puen meals bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen

Demonstratives and indefinite

Demonstratives occur in the 此 ji-, 其 ki-, and 彼 pi- series. The 此 ji- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ki- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 pi- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ha-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.

Proximal
(此 ji-) 		Mesial
(其 ki-) 		Distal
(彼 pi-) 		Interrogative
(何 ha-) 		Negative
(無 miu-) 		Universal
(毎 mei-) 		Assertive
existential
(某 mou) 		Elective
existential
(? ?)
Adjective 此 ji
this 		其 ki
that 		彼 pi
that over there 		何 ha
what 		無 miu
no 		毎 mei
every 		某 mou
some
any
Thing (物 -mutu) 此物 jimutu
this one 		其物 kimutu
that one 		彼物 pimutu
that one over there 		何物 hamutu
which one 		無物 miumutu
nothing 		毎物 meimutu
everything 		某物 moumutu
something
anything
Person (人 -nin) 此人 jinin
this person 		其人 kinin
that person 		彼人 pinin
that person over there 		何人 hanin
who 		無人 miunin
nobody 		毎人 meinin
everybody 		某人 mounin
somebody
anybody
Place (処 -jo) 此処 jijo
here 		其処 kijo
there 		彼処 pijo
over there 		何処 hajo
where 		無処 miujo
nowhere 		毎処 meijo
everywhere 		某処 moujo
somewhere
anywhere
Time (時 -) 此時 jisi
now 		其時 kisi
then 		彼時 pisi
at that other time 		何時 hasi
when 		無時 miusi
never 		毎時 meisi
always 		某時 mousi
sometime
anytime
Manner (様 -yanu) 此様 jiyanu
in this manner 		其様 kiyanu
in that manner 		彼様 piyanu
in that other manner 		何様 hayanu
how 		某様 mouyanu
somehow
Quantity (多 -ta) 此多 jita
this many / much 		其多 kita
that many / much 		彼多 pita
in that other quantity 		何多 hata
how many / much
Kind (-chi)
like this
like that
like that other kind
what kind of
Reason (因 -in) 何因 hain
why

Lexica

Main article: Dan'a'yo/Lexicography

Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000. Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own. Characters which are not words (denoted below with an asterisk) have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character. Every character – in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have ever been used – is assigned to one of four categories: Common, Advanced, Name, and Illegal/Alternate. Alternates are unacceptable versions of legitimate character and may not be used at all. Name characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names. Advanced character should only be used after the are introduced and/or defined. Common characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning.

Grade 1

一(읻), 七(칟), 万(몬)*, 三(삼), 上(샹), 下(하), 与(요), 世(서), 両(량), 中(중), 主(주)*, 之(티), 九(규), 事(지), 二(늬), 于(우), 五(오), 交(걋), 人(닌), 今(김), 他(타), 休(휴), 会(훠), 住(주), 何(하), 作(작), 使(시), 元(원), 先(선), 入(닙), 全(줜), 八(받), 六(룩), 内(뇌), 冬(통), 出(춛), 刀(탓), 分(분), 前(전), 力(릭), 動(동), 北(북), 十(십)*, 千(천)*, 午(오), 半(반)*, 南(남), 友(윳), 口(콧), 右(유)*, 号(핫)*, 名(밍), 向(향), 君(군), 和(화)*, 哉(재), 問(문)*, 四(싀), 回(회), 国(곡)*, 圓(원), 土(토), 地, 場, 声, 売, 夏, 外, 多, 夜, 大(대), 天(천), 太, 女, 妹, 姉, 子, 字, 学, 家, 宿, 対, 小(소), 少, 山, 左, 已, 市, 年, 幸, 度, 庭, 弟, 当, 彼, 後, 心, 思, 急, 想, 意, 所, 手, 才, 打, 持, 指, 放, 教, 数, 文, 新, 於, 族, 日, 早, 明, 春, 晴, 書, 月, 有, 朝, 木, 本, 村, 東, 林, 某, 校, 根, 森, 業, 橋, 次, 歌, 正, 死, 母, 毎, 毛, 気, 水, 注, 活, 流, 海, 深, 湖, 漢, 火, 灯, 点, 父, 牛, 犬, 玉, 王, 生, 用, 田, 男, 画, 病, 発, 白, 百, 皆, 目, 相, 真, 着, 知, 短, 石, 研, 秋, 究, 空(콩), 立, 章, 竹, 第, 筆, 等, 算, 米, 糸, 紙, 細, 緑, 羊, 習, 耳, 肉, 育, 船, 花, 苦, 草, 薬, 虫(중), 行, 表, 西, 見, 記, 話, 語, 読, 談, 買, 走, 起, 足, 路, 車, 軽, 農, 近, 送, 通, 進, 道, 遠, 都, 酒, 里, 重, 金, 長, 門, 開, 間, 集, 雨, 雪, 雲, 電, 青, 音, 頗, 頭, 顔, 風, 馬(마), 高, 魚, 黄, 黒(훅).

Grade 2

不, 久, 乎, 乗, 争, 京, 代, 以, 伝, 位, 低, 例, 便, 信, 個, 借, 停, 備, 億, 兄, 光, 児, 公, 共, 兵, 典, 再, 冷, 列, 初, 別, 利, 功, 加, 労, 勇, 勝, 化, 医, 単, 印, 危, 収, 取, 古, 句, 各, 合, 同, 告, 唱, 図, 固, 在, 坐, 城, 基, 堂, 報, 増, 士, 変, 失, 好, 守, 完, 官, 定, 室, 害, 察, 将, 就, 屋, 展, 岩, 島, 己, 布, 希, 席, 帰, 常, 干, 平, 広, 店, 建, 弓, 引, 弱, 強, 形, 往, 待, 従, 得, 忘, 快, 念, 悲, 情, 愛, 成, 我(아), 戦, 戸, 技, 投, 挙, 接, 推, 支, 改, 政, 故, 救, 敗, 散, 料, 方, 旧, 昨, 時, 晩, 暑, 暖, 暗, 最, 望, 期, 未, 来, 松, 果, 栄, 案, 植, 極, 楽, 樹, 止, 此, 歩, 歴, 殺, 比, 民, 氷, 永, 求, 決, 河, 油, 治, 洗, 浅, 清, 満, 漁, 無, 然, 熱, 爾, 片, 物, 特, 現, 理, 産, 由, 留, 番, 登, 的, 皮, 直, 省, 看, 破, 示, 祖, 祝, 神, 科, 移, 種, 窓, 童, 競, 笑, 答, 節, 約, 紅, 終, 給, 続, 線, 練, 美, 義, 老, 考, 聞, 能, 脚, 自, 興, 舎, 良, 色, 芸, 英, 莫, 菜, 落, 葉, 血, 街, 衣, 要, 親, 観, 角, 計, 訪, 設, 試, 詩, 誤, 説, 課, 調, 講, 謝, 議, 谷, 豆, 豊, 貨, 責, 貴, 赤, 身, 軍, 追, 退, 速, 連, 運, 過, 達, 適, 選, 部, 野, 量, 鉄, 銀, 銭, 関, 難, 静, 非, 面, 順, 題, 願, 類, 飛, 飯, 養, 首, 鳥, 鳴, 麦, 鼻

Grade 3

丁, 且, 丙, 乙, 也, 乾, 井, 令, 仮, 但, 体, 余, 佛, 佳, 価, 係, 俗, 保, 修, 倍, 偉, 傷, 充, 其, 冊, 写, 凡, 凶, 判, 到, 則, 助, 効, 勉, 務, 勢, 勤, 勧, 匹, 協, 即, 卵, 厚, 原, 厳, 又, 及, 反, 叔, 受, 只, 可, 吹, 味, 呼, 命, 哀, 品, 商, 喪, 困, 園, 均, 執, 堅, 墨, 壮, 夕, 如, 妻, 始, 姓, 威, 婚, 婦, 存, 季, 孫, 宅, 宇, 安, 宗, 宙, 実, 客, 容, 密, 富, 寒, 寸, 寺, 寿, 射, 尚, 尤, 尺, 尽, 局, 居, 崇, 川(천), 工, 巨, 巻, 帝, 幾, 序, 式, 張, 律, 徒, 復, 徳, 必, 忍, 忙, 応, 忠, 怒, 性, 恨, 息, 悟, 患, 悦, 悪, 惜, 愁, 感, 慶, 憶, 房, 扶, 承, 抱, 招, 拝, 拾, 授, 採, 探, 揚, 敢, 整, 敵, 斗, 旅, 既, 易, 星, 是, 昼, 暴, 曲, 更, 曽, 朋, 服, 末, 朴, 杯, 柔, 柳, 栽, 様, 権, 歓, 武, 歯, 歳, 氏, 江, 沖, 波, 泳, 洋, 洞, 浄, 浪, 浮, 浴, 涼, 混, 渇, 減, 湯, 潔, 為, 烈, 煙, 猶, 球, 瓦, 甘, 甚, 甲, 申, 界, 異, 皇, 益, 盛, 眠, 眼, 礼, 福, 秀, 私, 税, 穀, 端, 篇, 精, 純, 素, 経, 結, 統, 絶, 罪, 羽, 者, 聖, 聴, 胸, 脱, 致, 舌, 舞, 若, 茶, 華, 虎(호), 製, 解, 言, 許, 証, 認, 誠, 請, 論, 譲, 貝, 負(뷰), 賀, 賞, 質, 迎, 造, 遇, 遊, 遺, 郷, 針, 鐘, 閉, 閑, 防, 降, 限, 除, 陰, 陽, 雄, 霜, 露, 革, 頂, 須, 領, 食, 飲, 館, 香, 驚, 鮮, 鶏

Grade Four

丸, 丹, 乱, 了, 互, 亡, 仁, 付, 仙, 仰, 件, 任, 伏, 伐, 供, 依, 倉, 倒, 候, 値, 健, 側, 像, 兆, 克, 免, 党, 冒, 切, 刊, 刑, 制, 刷, 刻, 剛, 副, 割, 創, 努, 包, 区, 博, 占, 参, 双, 叫, 台, 史, 司, 吉, 吟, 否, 吸, 周, 員, 唯, 善, 喜, 器, 因, 団, 囲, 圧, 塊, 塩, 境, 墓, 壊, 夢, 央, 奉, 奮, 委, 孝, 宜, 宣, 宮, 宴, 寄, 封, 専, 尊, 導, 尾, 属, 層, 岸(안), 差, 師, 帯, 帳, 幹, 庁, 床, 底, 府, 庫, 康, 延, 彩, 影, 径, 志, 怨, 恒, 恩, 恵, 慈, 態, 慢, 慣, 憂, 或, 批, 折, 抽, 拍, 拡, 掌, 掛, 提, 換, 揮, 敬, 断, 施, 旗, 昔, 景, 朗, 材, 束, 条, 板, 染, 柱, 査, 株, 梅, 械, 検, 楼, 概, 構, 模, 横, 機, 欠, 欲, 段, 毒, 池, 没, 沿, 況, 泉, 法, 泣, 泰, 派, 済, 渓, 温, 測, 港, 源, 準, 漂, 演, 激, 灰, 災, 炎, 焼, 照, 煩, 熟, 燃, 版, 牧, 犯, 状, 独, 率, 班, 略, 疑, 痛, 県, 睡, 確, 礎, 票, 祭, 禁, 秒, 秘, 程, 積, 突, 策, 管, 簡, 粉, 糖, 系, 紀, 級, 累, 組, 継, 緊, 総, 編, 縮, 績, 織, 群, 翻, 而, 耕, 職, 肥, 肺, 胃, 背, 脈, 脳, 腸, 臓, 臣, 臥, 臨, 至, 航, 芽, 茂, 蔵, 藍, 虚, 衆, 術, 衛, 装, 補, 規, 視, 覚, 覧, 訓, 訳, 訴, 評, 詞, 該, 識, 護, 象, 貞, 財, 貧, 貯, 費, 貿, 資, 賛, 賢, 跳, 践, 転, 較, 輪, 輸, 辺, 返, 述, 迷, 逆, 逓, 遅, 遍, 還, 郵, 配, 酸, 鉱, 銅, 鋼, 錯, 録, 鏡, 附, 院, 陸, 険, 隊, 階, 際, 雑, 雖, 離, 零, 需, 響, 飽, 餓, 騎, 験, 骨, 髪, 鬼, 龍

Grade 5

塞, 鎖, 荒, 錬, 縁, 震, 麗, 亜, 浸, 寂, 把, 般, 敏, 核, 侮, 振, 枯, 殿, 培, 寡, 越, 循, 娘, 苗(먓), 抵, 裕, 盲, 亭, 削, 偶, 僚, 兼, 含, 妥, 孤, 妨, 押, 御, 抑, 斥, 拳, 愚, 枕, 漫, 洪, 辱, 籍, 衡, 旋, 狂, 衰, 漆, 爆, 猛, 疾, 蜜, 租, 踏, 眉, 獲, 衝, 震, 繁, 旬, 索, 絡, 頃, 騒, 娯, 寧, 峰, 廃, 懸, 慎, 惨, 捜, 綱, 緩, 縁, 罰, 脅, 唇, 胞, 騰, 薦, 襲, 懐, 謡, 謙, 謹, 贈, 跡, 珍, 鑑, 鉛, 鋳, 鎖, 鎮, 陥, 隠, 隷, 麗, 亜, 債, 傾, 償, 墳, 摂, 叙, 嘆, 渉, 潤, 濫, 沢, 錬, 毀, 炉, 奔, 獄, 猟, 獣, 症, 監, 荒, 巡, 沈, 稿, 奴, 塞, 罷, 丘, 州, 笛, 荷, 具, 炭, 消, 予, 役, 幕, 域, 署, 垂, 姿, 潮, 誌, 障, 蒸, 憲, 担, 納, 縦, 蚕, 誕, 宝, 盟, 汽, 社, 勿, 烏, 乃, 郡, 裡, 阿, 卒, 桃, 滴, 漏, 慰, 微, 腰, 薄, 隔, 埋, 恐, 召, 架, 吐, 拒, 磨, 穫, 戚, 弄, 替, 摘, 升, 雷, 欺, 臭, 珠, 渡, 悔, 蛇, 挑, 冠, 添, 伸, 傍, 偏, 企, 丈(장), 催, 侵, 傲, 伯, 孔, 幅, 征, 巧, 悠, 抗, 捉, 抄, 慕, 梨, 析, 斜, 援, 普, 途, 殊, 漠, 燥, 捕, 趣, 迫, 疲, 距, 避, 遵, 耐, 覆, 超, 肝, 逐, 紫, 符, 郊, 硬, 肯, 腐, 透, 秩(딛), 碑, 矛, 霧, 項, 顧, 奪, 姻, 賓, 寛, 尋, 棄, 弾, 徹, 怪, 懇, 戯, 掃, 抜, 擁, 択, 拠, 称, 稲, 窮, 奇, 糧, 糾, 紛, 緒, 維, 粛, 膚, 慮, 触, 訂, 貢, 貫, 輝, 違, 酔, 釈, 鋭, 閲, 陣, 随, 享, 僅, 儀, 励, 却, 弔, 啓, 哲, 黙, 泥, 暁, 刺, 濃, 塗, 涙(뤼), 漸, 湿, 滅, 献, 環, 貌, 蓋, 盗, 揺, 盾, 徴, 闘, 軟, 盤, 牙, 閣, 穴, 腹, 瓜, 蒼, 柏, 昏, 坂, 箱, 複, 貸, 似, 格, 額, 綿, 築, 営, 置, 辞, 残, 標, 桑, 陵, 妙, 韓, 倫, 俱, 聡, 兎, 垂(쉬)

Grade 6

喃, 仗, 頸, 溺, 憧, 拭, 曖, 尉, 虐, 尻, 迭, 娠, 蹴, 褐, 酵, 狩, 眺, 哺, 潟, 裸, 胎, 箸, 硝, 腕, 酪, 痴, 窒, 癒, 顎, 妊, 弥, 痘, 瞳, 垣, 箋, 紺, 肌, 赦, 腺, 癖, 缶, 渋, 薫, 遡, 漬, 褒, 渦, 訃, 魅, 軸, 欧, 釜, 錠, 稽, 唄, 骸, 墜, 叉, 札, 巣, 肘, 咬, 晶, 捻, 抹, 棺, 敷, 彰, 汁, 澄, 汰, 膜, 崖, 帆, 嫉, 斑, 隙, 梗, 妖, 肢, 肪, 嗅, 魔, 沼, 沃, 炊, 膝, 凹, 融, 凸, 硫, 匠, 衷, 頒, 頬, 髄, 塁, 峡, 挟, 掘, 堪, 粋, 爽, 紡, 紳, 絞, 締, 呈, 腎, 舶, 繭, 茎, 艇, 賄, 賂, 賭, 踪, 轄, 遜, 滋, 虹, 閥, 侶, 偵, 槽, 刹, 剤, 喩, 斬, 描, 旨, 脊, 脂, 岐, 悼, 尿, 殴, 砲, 昧, 靴, 爪, 狭, 曜, 券, 枚, 筋, 矮, 辦, 鞋, 嗚, 姦, 屢, 桜, 嫌, 餅, 型, 勺, 暦, 契, 暇, 冥, 豚, 銃, 殉, 濯, 鈍, 郭, 賜, 廷, 妃, 遂, 朱, 簿, 謁, 蛍, 憎, 遣, 佐, 涯, 篤, 僧, 稚, 禅, 矯, 儒, 爵, 拂, 募, 庶, 岳, 寝, 粧, 壌, 浦, 勃, 幻, 撤, 喚, 扇, 剝, 彫, 昆, 彙, 朽, 柄, 伺, 泌, 氾, 殖, 坑, 怖, 棋, 巾, 冶, 辣, 殻, 踊, 雰, 溝, 婆, 購, 串, 焦, 艶, 阻, 診, 痕, 湧, 酷, 雇, 酬, 艦, 胆, 緻, 蔑, 腫, 剖, 股, 網, 縫, 縛, 泡, 溶, 窟, 駄, 遮, 紋, 籠, 窯, 沸, 掲, 唆, 遭, 頑, 療, 畳, 駐, 奥, 捨, 賃, 絹, 璃, 搭, 棒, 絵, 竟, 碗, 穿, 禽, 播, 括, 握, 拐, 圏, 噴, 嚇, 慌, 控, 款, 迅, 堆, 鍵, 鍋, 舗, 釣, 煮, 厘, 酢, 賠, 咽, 貼, 粗, 猫, 粘, 滑, 託, 袖, 醒, 陪, 傘, 縄, 繊, 准, 粒, 犠, 袋, 穏, 砕, 挿, 撲, 盆, 乏, 畝, 罵, 齢, 填, 弁, 瓣, 飼, 仲, 届, 昭, 液, 拉, 擦, 那, 喫, 剰, 帽, 戴, 瞭, 鍛, 玩, 椅, 喝, 紹, 搬, 頓, 瓶, 麺, 禍, 屯, 沙, 崩, 亀, 慄, 玄, 戒, 惑, 拓, 怠, 恭, 芳, 幽, 雅, 蔽, 陶, 拙, 醜, 恋, 邪, 蓄, 誓, 疫, 壇, 妄, 麻, 泊, 舟, 翼, 蜂, 鹿, 祥, 菌, 淡, 酌, 卓, 肖, 遷, 廉, 祈, 韻, 畏, 翁, 邦, 葬, 拘, 赴, 疎, 頻, 駆, 庸, 顕, 凝, 暫, 携, 傑, 詠, 菊, 欄, 刃, 撃, 倹, 偽, 促, 隆, 俊, 銘, 雌, 隣, 卑, 躍, 頼, 賦, 侍, 濁, 賊, 貳, 貪, 販, 譜, 堕, 謀, 誘, 詐, 訟, 乞, 蛮, 滞, 荘, 潜, 履, 恥, 羅, 霊, 媒, 畜, 誇, 伴, 淫, 審, 幣, 帥, 弦, 宰, 慨, 懲, 悩, 惧, 徐, 劣, 窃, 矢, 汝, 週, 磁, 討, 映, 裁, 奏, 操, 乳, 優

Advanced

卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿, 鰭(긔)

Naming

巳, 兀, 壬, 刈, 巴, 亢, 尹, 仄, 廿, 什, 曰, 歹, 仍, 弘, 卉, 卯, 戊, 汀, 仔, 疋, 乍, 叭, 弗, 瓜, 尼, 牟, 朴, 戍, 圭, 肋, 旭, 汎, 芝, 丞, 匈, 朶, 芋, 伊, 伍, 卍, 亥, 尖, 艮, 戌, 曳, 杏, 阮, 佑, 伶, 汪, 佃, 舛, 牡, 呂, 些, 戻, 劫, 芭, 杉, 伽, 灼, 李, 兎, 呉, 甫, 汲, 壱, 祁, 吞, 辰, 囧, 罔, 狐, 邸, 抛, 侃, 虱, 尭, 阜, 昊, 孟, 竺, 祇, 坪, 奄, 坤, 刮, 邱, 宕, 沓, 侑, 姑, 岬, 邵, 岡, 珈, 孩, 哈, 侠, 頁, 勅, 姚, 柑, 柿, 珉, 娃, 殃, 姥, 郁, 柏, 洲, 胡, 栃, 祐, 拶, 胤, 垓, 韋, 珂, 咸, 柴, 禹, 兪, 姜, 彦, 洛, 朔, 蚤, 豹, 栗, 郝, 烏, 狸, 桓, 哥, 桧, 秦, 胰, 衲, 芻, 唉, 恣, 隼, 陛, 挨, 豈, 桂, 玖, 挺, 姫, 桟, 酎, 俺, 釘, 奚, 拿, 蚊, 俯, 祢, 唐, 袁, 釧, 猪, 捺, 崙, 淵, 鹵, 苹, 這, 盒, 苑, 寅, 甜, 梁, 堀, 曼, 雀, 埼, 晨, 曹, 萄, 苟, 翌, 亀, 崔, 淳, 卿, 琶, 凱, 蛞, 腔, 棗, 茫, 雁, 犂, 跌, 欽, 弼, 遁, 嵐, 厥, 巽, 壷, 飧, 塚, 茨, 猩, 舜, 喬, 閔, 覃, 彭, 鄂, 椎, 馮, 貂, 臍, 琵, 湊, 斯, 媛, 茸, 鈩, 傅, 蛙, 虞, 搾, 煎, 裾, 蛾, 牒, 鄒, 㐮, 賈, 椰, 鼎, 煤, 媽, 蜀, 猿, 鉤, 楠, 嫁, 祿, 葛, 鼠, 楊, 碁, 爺, 楚, 楕, 閨, 裴, 嘗, 甄, 鳶, 慷, 蕉, 禎, 熊, 菅, 僕, 銑, 蔡, 趙, 蝋, 廖, 聡, 瑠, 踝, 箕, 廠, 蝉, 黎, 蝓, 醇, 蝸, 劉, 撇, 魯, 稼, 鴎, 撞, 駕, 蝦, 餃, 嬉, 熬, 駒, 凜, 葡, 豎, 鋒, 畿, 靠, 潘, 蝶, 錫, 錆, 蒙, 蹄, 鮎, 橘, 薪, 踵, 錐, 璣, 蕭, 燕, 薛, 駱, 閻, 橐, 醍, 叡, 諡, 盧, 頤, 螂, 嬢, 牆, 謄, 鮫, 磯, 儧, 檗, 鞠, 檀, 幇, 霞, 醤, 擡, 蒋, 膿, 蟄, 鴻, 鮟, 嶺, 鵝, 攄, 鯉, 藤, 藩, 魏, 鎬, 麒, 麓, 龐, 藻, 瀧, 鵰, 繋, 鯛, 蟹, 鯨, 譚, 襖, 隴, 鰌, 鰐, 朧, 籃, 鶴, 蠣, 纏, 齦, 灌, 轟, 蘇, 穣, 鱇, 灘, 龔, 麟, 鷺, 欒, 蘭, 鱒, 攬, 鷹, 鑽, 菱, 梛(나)

Sample

Links

  1. CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group


References

  1. ^ http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/

Bibliography

Linguistics

Holm, John A. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
---. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
McWhorter, John. Language A to Z. Columbia University. The Great Courses, 2013. CD and booklet.

Chinese

Kroll, Paul W. A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
Miller, Roy A. Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
Rouzer, Paul. A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.

Japanese

Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.

Korean

Martin, Samuel E. Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
新活用玉篇. Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975

Language Construction

Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
Rosenfelder, Mark. The Language Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. The Planet Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. Advanced Language Construction. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
---. The Conlanger's Lexipedia. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.
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