単亜語: Difference between revisions

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{{term|太}}, {{term|女}}, {{term|妹}}, {{term|姉}}, {{term|子}}, {{term|字}}, {{term|学}}, {{term|家}}, {{term|宿}}, {{term|対}},
{{term|太}}, {{term|女}}, {{term|妹}}, {{term|姉}}, {{term|子}}, {{term|字}}, {{term|学}}, {{term|家}}, {{term|宿}}, {{term|対}},
{{Ruby|{{C|小}}|{{C|소}}}}, {{term|少}}, {{term|山}}, {{term|左}}, {{term|已}}, {{term|市}}, {{term|年}}, {{term|幸}}, {{term|度}}, {{term|庭}}, {{term|弟}}, {{term|当}}, {{term|彼}}, {{term|後}}, {{term|心}}, {{term|思}}, {{term|急}}, {{term|想}}, {{term|意}}, {{term|所}}, {{term|手}}, {{term|才}}, {{term|打}}, {{term|持}}, {{term|指}}, {{term|放}}, {{term|教}}, {{term|数}}, {{term|文}}, {{term|新}}, {{term|於}}, {{term|族}}, {{term|日}}, {{term|早}}, {{term|明}}, {{term|春}}, {{term|晴}}, {{term|書}}, {{term|月}}, {{term|有}}, {{term|朝}}, {{term|木}}, {{term|本}}, {{term|村}}, {{term|東}}, {{term|林}}, {{term|某}}, {{term|校}}, {{term|根}}, {{term|森}}, {{term|業}}, {{term|橋}}, {{term|次}}, {{term|歌}}, {{term|正}}, {{term|死}}, {{term|母}}, {{term|毎}}, {{term|毛}}, {{term|気}}, {{term|水}}, {{term|注}}, {{term|活}}, {{term|流}}, {{term|海}}, {{term|深}}, {{term|湖}}, {{term|漢}}, {{term|火}}, {{term|灯}}, {{term|点}}, {{term|父}}, {{term|牛}}, {{term|犬}}, {{term|玉}}, {{term|王}}, {{term|生}}, {{term|用}}, {{term|田}}, {{term|男}}, {{term|画}}, {{term|病}}, {{term|発}}, {{term|白}}, {{term|百}}, {{term|皆}}, {{term|目}}, {{term|相}}, {{term|真}}, {{term|着}}, {{term|知}}, {{term|短}}, {{term|石}}, {{term|研}}, {{term|秋}}, {{term|究}},
{{Ruby|{{C|小}}|{{C|소}}}}, {{term|少}}, {{term|山}}, {{term|左}}, {{term|已}}, {{term|市}}, {{term|年}}, {{term|幸}}, {{term|度}}, {{term|庭}}, {{term|弟}}, {{term|当}}, {{term|彼}}, {{term|後}}, {{term|心}}, {{term|思}}, {{term|急}}, {{term|想}}, {{term|意}}, {{term|所}}, {{term|手}}, {{term|才}}, {{term|打}}, {{term|持}}, {{term|指}}, {{term|放}}, {{term|教}}, {{term|数}}, {{term|文}}, {{term|新}}, {{term|於}}, {{term|族}}, {{term|日}}, {{term|早}}, {{term|明}}, {{term|春}}, {{term|晴}}, {{term|書}}, {{term|月}}, {{term|有}}, {{term|朝}}, {{term|木}}, {{term|本}}, {{term|村}}, {{term|東}}, {{term|林}}, {{term|某}}, {{term|校}}, {{term|根}}, {{term|森}}, {{term|業}}, {{term|橋}}, {{term|次}}, {{term|歌}}, {{term|正}}, {{term|死}}, {{term|母}}, {{term|毎}}, {{term|毛}}, {{term|気}}, {{term|水}}, {{term|注}}, {{term|活}}, {{term|流}}, {{term|海}}, {{term|深}}, {{term|湖}}, {{term|漢}}, {{term|火}}, {{term|灯}}, {{term|点}}, {{term|父}}, {{term|牛}}, {{term|犬}}, {{term|玉}}, {{term|王}}, {{term|生}}, {{term|用}}, {{term|田}}, {{term|男}}, {{term|画}}, {{term|病}}, {{term|発}}, {{term|白}}, {{term|百}}, {{term|皆}}, {{term|目}}, {{term|相}}, {{term|真}}, {{term|着}}, {{term|知}}, {{term|短}}, {{term|石}}, {{term|研}}, {{term|秋}}, {{term|究}},
{{Ruby|{{C|空}}|{{C|콩}}}}, {{term|立}}, {{term|章}}, {{term|竹}}, {{term|第}}, {{term|筆}}, {{term|等}}, {{term|算}}, {{term|米}}, {{term|糸}}, {{term|紙}}, {{term|細}}, {{term|緑}}, {{term|羊}}, {{term|習}}, {{term|耳}}, {{term|肉}}, {{term|育}}, {{term|船}}, {{term|花}}, {{term|苦}}, {{term|草}}, {{term|薬}}, {{term|虫}}, {{term|行}}, {{term|表}}, {{term|西}}, {{term|見}}, {{term|記}}, {{term|話}}, {{term|語}}, {{term|読}}, {{term|談}}, {{term|買}}, {{term|走}}, {{term|起}}, {{term|足}}, {{term|路}}, {{term|車}}, {{term|軽}}, {{term|農}}, {{term|近}}, {{term|送}}, {{term|通}}, {{term|進}}, {{term|道}}, {{term|遠}}, {{term|都}}, {{term|酒}}, {{term|里}}, {{term|重}}, {{term|金}}, {{term|長}}, {{term|門}}, {{term|開}}, {{term|間}}, {{term|集}}, {{term|雨}}, {{term|雪}}, {{term|雲}}, {{term|電}}, {{term|青}}, {{term|音}}, {{term|頗}}, {{term|頭}}, {{term|顔}}, {{term|風}},
{{Ruby|{{C|空}}|{{C|콩}}}}, {{term|立}}, {{term|章}}, {{term|竹}}, {{term|第}}, {{term|筆}}, {{term|等}}, {{term|算}}, {{term|米}}, {{term|糸}}, {{term|紙}}, {{term|細}}, {{term|緑}}, {{term|羊}}, {{term|習}}, {{term|耳}}, {{term|肉}}, {{term|育}}, {{term|船}}, {{term|花}}, {{term|苦}}, {{term|草}}, {{term|薬}},  
{{Ruby|{{C|虫}}|{{C|중}}}}, {{term|行}}, {{term|表}}, {{term|西}}, {{term|見}}, {{term|記}}, {{term|話}}, {{term|語}}, {{term|読}}, {{term|談}}, {{term|買}}, {{term|走}}, {{term|起}}, {{term|足}}, {{term|路}}, {{term|車}}, {{term|軽}}, {{term|農}}, {{term|近}}, {{term|送}}, {{term|通}}, {{term|進}}, {{term|道}}, {{term|遠}}, {{term|都}}, {{term|酒}}, {{term|里}}, {{term|重}}, {{term|金}}, {{term|長}}, {{term|門}}, {{term|開}}, {{term|間}}, {{term|集}}, {{term|雨}}, {{term|雪}}, {{term|雲}}, {{term|電}}, {{term|青}}, {{term|音}}, {{term|頗}}, {{term|頭}}, {{term|顔}}, {{term|風}},
{{Ruby|{{C|馬}}|{{C|마}}}}, {{term|高}}, {{term|魚}}, {{term|黄}},
{{Ruby|{{C|馬}}|{{C|마}}}}, {{term|高}}, {{term|魚}}, {{term|黄}},
{{Ruby|{{C|黒}}|{{C|훅}}}}.
{{Ruby|{{C|黒}}|{{C|훅}}}}.

Revision as of 17:02, 3 February 2024

Dan'a'yo
単亜語
Universal Language Map
Writingw:新字体
Region:w:East Asia
Genders:0
Cases:0
Proto-language:w:Sinosphere
Typology:Analytic
Word-OrderSVO
Languages:w:Korean language,

w:Japanese language, w:Chinese language w:Vietnamese language

Population:1500 million
Flag of Dan'a'yo

Africa: SEDESMiddle SemiticKintuGuosa Central Asia: JalpiCaucasZensDravindianNeo-Sanskrit Europe: IntralinguaFolksprakInterslavicBalkanSamboka Far East: Dan'a'yoIMMSEAL

単亜語(단아요) is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the East Asian cultural sphere. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the shinjitai (新字体) standards of Japan. The Hangǔl alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.

Anthropology

Dan'a'yo returns a shared world of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. The ancient w:Imperial examination (科挙(콰교)) created a common experience across the region. Everyone read the same w:Chinese classics and learned the same law codes. Peoples from various language families were united and could communicate. With the advent of the internet and Unicode, there is an avenue for peaceful interaction, a reunification of shared cultural and linguistic norms. By taking w:Classical Chinese and updating it, Dan'a'yo can serve as a bridge for those who have drifted apart.

The language communities that Dan'a'yo seeks to incorporate and unify are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese. Korea and Japan have long formed a sprachbund already, and have many calques and grammatical features in common. They even share some vocabulary. There are those who think they are genetically related, but that has yet to be conclusively proven. There will be some additional similarities that must occur with southern Sino-Tibetan languages, but that is not a design goal, merely a consequence. There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form.

Phonologies

Korean has a tense/lax system which is completely unknown to the others in the region. Japanese alone contrasts voiced/unvoiced, instead of aspirated/un-aspirated like the rest. The Chineses have contour tones which are much more complicated than JK pitch accent system. All these features must be ignored, as they have no common parallels. Korean has the most robust phonotactics, with CVC syllables allowing many kinds of consonants in the coda. Mandarin has only /n/ and /ŋ/ there. Japanese has gemination – which doubles the next voiceless stop, and a homorganic nasal – which can be /m/, /n/, or /ŋ~ɴ/. In short, a rough compromise is possible, with everyone having to learn something, but nothing like what it would take to learn any other language.

Chinese characters have roughly stayed the same for 1,000 years, but some changes have crept in. The most overreaching is the Simplified characters of mainland China, which are utterly dependent upon Mandarin pronunciation and incompatible with the region as a whole. Korean uses ancient versions, which are sometimes grossly out of date and far more obtuse than what others write. A strong, compromise position is to use Japanese Shinjitai, which has mild updates and simplifications to some characters. A phonetic alphabet is hard to agree upon. Japanese hiragana and katakana are not capable of indicating precise coda consonants. Korean Hangul is generally well-suited.

Multilingual dictionary sources – such as Wiktionary – already document much of the vocabulary in common across the Far East Asian region. Selection of a limited number of Chinese characters must involve a kind of voting process. Japan is well-positioned to begin education of Dan'a'yo at an early age. Korean politics are unfortunately embroiled over a senseless debate about the national character of learning Chinese characters, a holdover from the war and the product of pride. Chinese standard education frowns upon teaching grammar, but there is a revival of Classical education. Many teaching resources are still needed.

Phonology

単亜語 has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.

単亜語 Consonants
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasals /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Aspirates /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/ /kʰ/
Voiced /b~p/ /d~t/ /dʑ~tɕ/ /g~k/
Fricatives /s ~ ɕ/ /h ~ ɦ ~ x/
Sonorants w /w/ /l ~ ɾ/ y/j/

(W and Y are achieved with special glyphs.) While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see the table), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.


単亜語 Vowels
Vowels
Front Central Back
High /i ~ ɪ/ /u ~ ɯ/
Mid /e ~ e̞/ /o ~ o̞/
Low /a ~ ä/

Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!


Phonotactics

Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.

Syntax

Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), 単亜語 is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come early in the sentence (before the verb), and the accusative argument must come after. There are no particles to mark subject or object.


Relationship Particle English Mandarin Cantonese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Topic as for - - は wa 은/는 (n)ǔn cái
Vocative () O ya yeo
Dative () to - - 에게 đến
Genitive () of của
Instrumental () by 로/으로
Locative () in, on, at
Comitative () together with
Assoc. Pl. () et. al. たち
Perfective () -ed た/だ 았/었 đã
Progressive () -ing 아/어
Nominalizer () -ed
Nominalizer () -ing
Adnominalizer ()
Adverbializer () -ly
NP And () and
VP And () and

Sentence Final Particles

Pronouns

Singular Plural
Casual First () 我等(아둥)
Second () 君等(군둥)


Classifiers

Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.

Classifier Use
() people (general)
men people (polite)
tai machines (computers, cars, etc)
pit animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)
jak books, magazines, etc
pei cups of some drink
mei flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)
teu long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)
kan periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)
ka anything else

Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.

Determiner Use Example
wa amphibians
teu birds Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu
o fish nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o
tunu invertebrates
siu mammals
lon reptiles tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lon
hua flowers
jau grass
mok trees, bushes
puk clothes kimono キモノ服 kimono-puk
puen meals bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen

Demonstratives and indefinite

Demonstratives occur in the 此 ji-, 其 ki-, and 彼 pi- series. The 此 ji- (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ki- (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 pi- (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ha-, demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.

Proximal
(此 ji-)
Mesial
(其 ki-)
Distal
(彼 pi-)
Interrogative
(何 ha-)
Negative
(無 miu-)
Universal
(毎 mei-)
Assertive
existential
(某 mou)
Elective
existential
(? ?)
Adjective ji
this
ki
that
pi
that over there
ha
what
miu
no
mei
every
mou
some

any
Thing (物 -mutu) 此物 jimutu
this one
其物 kimutu
that one
彼物 pimutu
that one over there
何物 hamutu
which one
無物 miumutu
nothing
毎物 meimutu
everything
某物 moumutu
something

anything
Person (人 -nin) 此人 jinin
this person
其人 kinin
that person
彼人 pinin
that person over there
何人 hanin
who
無人 miunin
nobody
毎人 meinin
everybody
某人 mounin
somebody

anybody
Place (処 -jo) 此処 jijo
here
其処 kijo
there
彼処 pijo
over there
何処 hajo
where
無処 miujo
nowhere
毎処 meijo
everywhere
某処 moujo
somewhere

anywhere
Time (時 -) 此時 jisi
now
其時 kisi
then
彼時 pisi
at that other time
何時 hasi
when
無時 miusi
never
毎時 meisi
always
某時 mousi
sometime

anytime
Manner (様 -yanu) 此様 jiyanu
in this manner
其様 kiyanu
in that manner
彼様 piyanu
in that other manner
何様 hayanu
how
某様 mouyanu
somehow
Quantity (多 -ta) 此多 jita
this many / much
其多 kita
that many / much
彼多 pita
in that other quantity
何多 hata
how many / much
Kind (-chi)
like this

like that

like that other kind

what kind of
Reason (因 -in) 何因 hain
why

Lexica

Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000. Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own. Characters which are not words (denoted below with an asterisk) have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character. Every character – in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have ever been used – is assigned to one of four categories: Common, Advanced, Name, and Illegal/Alternate. Alternates are unacceptable versions of legitimate character and may not be used at all. Name characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names. Advanced character should only be used after the are introduced and/or defined. Common characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning.

Grade 1

(), (), ()*, (), (), (), (), (), (), (), ()*, (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), 使(), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), ()*, ()*, (), ()*, (), (), (), ()*, ()*, (), (), (), ()*, (), ()*, (), (), ()*, (), (), , , , , , , , , (), (), , , , , , , , , 宿, , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , 西, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , ().

Grade 2

, , , , , , , , , , , , 便, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 調, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 退, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Grade 3

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 寿, , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Grade Four

丸, 丹, 乱, 了, 互, 亡, 仁, 付, 仙, 仰, 件, 任, 伏, 伐, 供, 依, 倉, 倒, 候, 値, 健, 側, 像, 兆, 克, 免, 党, 冒, 切, 刊, 刑, 制, 刷, 刻, 剛, 副, 割, 創, 努, 包, 区, 博, 占, 参, 双, 叫, 台, 史, 司, 吉, 吟, 否, 吸, 周, 員, 唯, 善, 喜, 器, 因, 団, 囲, 圧, 塊, 塩, 境, 墓, 壊, 夢, 央, 奉, 奮, 委, 孝, 宜, 宣, 宮, 宴, 寄, 封, 専, 尊, 導, 尾, 属, 層, 岸, 差, 師, 帯, 帳, 幹, 庁, 床, 底, 府, 庫, 康, 延, 彩, 影, 径, 志, 怨, 恒, 恩, 恵, 慈, 態, 慢, 慣, 憂, 或, 批, 折, 抽, 拍, 拡, 掌, 掛, 提, 換, 揮, 敬, 断, 施, 旗, 昔, 景, 朗, 材, 束, 条, 板, 染, 柱, 査, 株, 梅, 械, 検, 楼, 概, 構, 模, 横, 機, 欠, 欲, 段, 毒, 池, 没, 沿, 況, 泉, 法, 泣, 泰, 派, 済, 渓, 温, 測, 港, 源, 準, 漂, 演, 激, 灰, 災, 炎, 焼, 照, 煩, 熟, 燃, 版, 牧, 犯, 状, 独, 率, 班, 略, 疑, 痛, 県, 睡, 確, 礎, 票, 祭, 禁, 秒, 秘, 程, 積, 突, 策, 管, 簡, 粉, 糖, 系, 紀, 級, 累, 組, 継, 緊, 総, 編, 縮, 績, 織, 群, 翻, 而, 耕, 職, 肥, 肺, 胃, 背, 脈, 脳, 腸, 臓, 臣, 臥, 臨, 至, 航, 芽, 茂, 蔵, 藍, 虚, 衆, 術, 衛, 装, 補, 規, 視, 覚, 覧, 訓, 訳, 訴, 評, 詞, 該, 識, 護, 象, 貞, 財, 貧, 貯, 費, 貿, 資, 賛, 賢, 跳, 践, 転, 較, 輪, 輸, 辺, 返, 述, 迷, 逆, 逓, 遅, 遍, 還, 郵, 配, 酸, 鉱, 銅, 鋼, 錯, 録, 鏡, 附, 院, 陸, 険, 隊, 階, 際, 雑, 雖, 離, 零, 需, 響, 飽, 餓, 騎, 験, 骨, 髪, 鬼, 龍

Grade 5

塞, 鎖, 荒, 錬, 縁, 震, 麗, 亜, 浸, 寂, 把, 般, 敏, 核, 侮, 振, 枯, 殿, 培, 寡, 越, 循, 娘, (), 抵, 裕, 盲, 亭, 削, 偶, 僚, 兼, 含, 妥, 孤, 妨, 押, 御, 抑, 斥, 拳, 愚, 枕, 漫, 洪, 辱, 籍, 衡, 旋, 狂, 衰, 漆, 爆, 猛, 疾, 蜜, 租, 踏, 眉, 獲, 衝, 震, 繁, 旬, 索, 絡, 頃, 騒, 娯, 寧, 峰, 廃, 懸, 慎, 惨, 捜, 綱, 緩, 縁, 罰, 脅, 唇, 胞, 騰, 薦, 襲, 懐, 謡, 謙, 謹, 贈, 跡, 珍, 鑑, 鉛, 鋳, 鎖, 鎮, 陥, 隠, 隷, 麗, 亜, 債, 傾, 償, 墳, 摂, 叙, 嘆, 渉, 潤, 濫, 沢, 錬, 毀, 炉, 奔, 獄, 猟, 獣, 症, 監, 荒, 巡, 沈, 稿, 奴, 塞, 罷, 丘, 州, 笛, 荷, 具, 炭, 消, 予, 役, 幕, 域, 署, 垂, 姿, 潮, 誌, 障, 蒸, 憲, 担, 納, 縦, 蚕, 誕, 宝, 盟, 汽, 社, 勿, 烏, 乃, 郡, 裡, 阿, 卒, 桃, 滴, 漏, 慰, 微, 腰, 薄, 隔, 埋, 恐, 召, 架, 吐, 拒, 磨, 穫, 戚, 弄, 替, 摘, 升, 雷, 欺, 臭, 珠, 渡, 悔, 蛇, 挑, 冠, 添, 伸, 傍, 偏, 企, (), 催, 侵, 傲, 伯, 孔, 幅, 征, 巧, 悠, 抗, 捉, 抄, 慕, 梨, 析, 斜, 援, 普, 途, 殊, 漠, 燥, 捕, 趣, 迫, 疲, 距, 避, 遵, 耐, 覆, 超, 肝, 逐, 紫, 符, 郊, 硬, 肯, 腐, 透, (), 碑, 矛, 霧, 項, 顧, 奪, 姻, 賓, 寛, 尋, 棄, 弾, 徹, 怪, 懇, 戯, 掃, 抜, 擁, 択, 拠, 称, 稲, 窮, 奇, 糧, 糾, 紛, 緒, 維, 粛, 膚, 慮, 触, 訂, 貢, 貫, 輝, 違, 酔, 釈, 鋭, 閲, 陣, 随, 享, 僅, 儀, 励, 却, 弔, 啓, 哲, 黙, 泥, 暁, 刺, 濃, 塗, (), 漸, 湿, 滅, 献, 環, 貌, 蓋, 盗, 揺, 盾, 徴, 闘, 軟, 盤, 牙, 閣, 穴, 腹, 瓜, 蒼, 柏, 昏, 坂, 箱, 複, 貸, 似, 格, 額, 綿, 築, 営, 置, 辞, 残, 標, 桑, 陵, 妙, 韓, 倫, 俱, 聡, 兎, ()

Grade 6

喃, 仗, 頸, 溺, 憧, 拭, 曖, 尉, 虐, 尻, 迭, 娠, 蹴, 褐, 酵, 狩, 眺, 哺, 潟, 裸, 胎, 箸, 硝, 腕, 酪, 痴, 窒, 癒, 顎, 妊, 弥, 痘, 瞳, 垣, 箋, 紺, 肌, 赦, 腺, 癖, 缶, 渋, 薫, 遡, 漬, 褒, 渦, 訃, 魅, 軸, 欧, 釜, 錠, 稽, 唄, 骸, 墜, 叉, 札, 巣, 肘, 咬, 晶, 捻, 抹, 棺, 敷, 彰, 汁, 澄, 汰, 膜, 崖, 帆, 嫉, 斑, 隙, 梗, 妖, 肢, 肪, 嗅, 魔, 沼, 沃, 炊, 膝, 凹, 融, 凸, 硫, 匠, 衷, 頒, 頬, 髄, 塁, 峡, 挟, 掘, 堪, 粋, 爽, 紡, 紳, 絞, 締, 呈, 腎, 舶, 繭, 茎, 艇, 賄, 賂, 賭, 踪, 轄, 遜, 滋, 虹, 閥, 侶, 偵, 槽, 刹, 剤, 喩, 斬, 描, 旨, 脊, 脂, 岐, 悼, 尿, 殴, 砲, 昧, 靴, 爪, 狭, 曜, 券, 枚, 筋, 矮, 辦, 鞋, 嗚, 姦, 屢, 桜, 嫌, 餅, 型, 勺, 暦, 契, 暇, 冥, 豚, 銃, 殉, 濯, 鈍, 郭, 賜, 廷, 妃, 遂, 朱, 簿, 謁, 蛍, 憎, 遣, 佐, 涯, 篤, 僧, 稚, 禅, 矯, 儒, 爵, 拂, 募, 庶, 岳, 寝, 粧, 壌, 浦, 勃, 幻, 撤, 喚, 扇, 剝, 彫, 昆, 彙, 朽, 柄, 伺, 泌, 氾, 殖, 坑, 怖, 棋, 巾, 冶, 辣, 殻, 踊, 雰, 溝, 婆, 購, 串, 焦, 艶, 阻, 診, 痕, 湧, 酷, 雇, 酬, 艦, 胆, 緻, 蔑, 腫, 剖, 股, 網, 縫, 縛, 泡, 溶, 窟, 駄, 遮, 紋, 籠, 窯, 沸, 掲, 唆, 遭, 頑, 療, 畳, 駐, 奥, 捨, 賃, 絹, 璃, 搭, 棒, 絵, 竟, 碗, 穿, 禽, 播, 括, 握, 拐, 圏, 噴, 嚇, 慌, 控, 款, 迅, 堆, 鍵, 鍋, 舗, 釣, 煮, 厘, 酢, 賠, 咽, 貼, 粗, 猫, 粘, 滑, 託, 袖, 醒, 陪, 傘, 縄, 繊, 准, 粒, 犠, 袋, 穏, 砕, 挿, 撲, 盆, 乏, 畝, 罵, 齢, 填, 弁, 瓣, 飼, 仲, 届, 昭, 液, 拉, 擦, 那, 喫, 剰, 帽, 戴, 瞭, 鍛, 玩, 椅, 喝, 紹, 搬, 頓, 瓶, 麺, 禍, 屯, 沙, 崩, 亀, 慄, 玄, 戒, 惑, 拓, 怠, 恭, 芳, 幽, 雅, 蔽, 陶, 拙, 醜, 恋, 邪, 蓄, 誓, 疫, 壇, 妄, 麻, 泊, 舟, 翼, 蜂, 鹿, 祥, 菌, 淡, 酌, 卓, 肖, 遷, 廉, 祈, 韻, 畏, 翁, 邦, 葬, 拘, 赴, 疎, 頻, 駆, 庸, 顕, 凝, 暫, 携, 傑, 詠, 菊, 欄, 刃, 撃, 倹, 偽, 促, 隆, 俊, 銘, 雌, 隣, 卑, 躍, 頼, 賦, 侍, 濁, 賊, 貳, 貪, 販, 譜, 堕, 謀, 誘, 詐, 訟, 乞, 蛮, 滞, 荘, 潜, 履, 恥, 羅, 霊, 媒, 畜, 誇, 伴, 淫, 審, 幣, 帥, 弦, 宰, 慨, 懲, 悩, 惧, 徐, 劣, 窃, 矢, 汝, 週, 磁, 討, 映, 裁, 奏, 操, 乳, 優

Advanced

卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿, ()

Naming

, , , , , , , , 廿, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 祿, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ()

Sample

Links

  1. CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group


References

Bibliography

Linguistics

Holm, John A. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
---. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey . Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988-1989.
McWhorter, John. Language A to Z. Columbia University. The Great Courses, 2013. CD and booklet.

Chinese

Kroll, Paul W. A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese. Bilingual ed. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub, 2014.
Miller, Roy A. Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1966
Rouzer, Paul. A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.

Japanese

Vaccari, Orsete, and Mrs Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar (Entirely Reset, Greatly Enlarged) 24th Edition. Japan: Dai Nippon Printing Company, 1973.

Korean

Martin, Samuel E. Reference Grammar of Korean: a Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Revised, ed. Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2006.
新活用玉篇. Seoul, Korea: Dong-a Publishing and Printing Co., 1975

Language Construction

Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages: Adventures in Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010.
Rosenfelder, Mark. The Language Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. The Planet Construction Kit. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2010.
---. Advanced Language Construction. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2012.
---. The Conlanger's Lexipedia. Chicago: Yonagu Books, 2013.
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