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...(IPA)]] represents the sounds of [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano Azano]. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]

...ich the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Owaex]] pronunciations. ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Korintʰíkasʷēgrotʰníosī ([[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [korɪntʰikasʷɛːgrotʰniosɪː]) is the Proto-Indo-Korinthic ter ==== English Translation ====

...PA)]] represents [[Sohcahtoan]] and [[Ancient Sohcahtoan]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...national Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Kaikiwan]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...bols in square brackets [] are symbols found in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) known as ''phones'' and symbols in triangle brackets <> are how the p =Sounds Common to English=

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Evonish]] pronunciations. English approximations are closest to General American(unless otherwise stated). ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...ternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Hantza]] pronunciation. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[w:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Cha]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Faulona]] pronunciations. English doesn't contain all the phones Faulona does, so approximations are just tha ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...tic Alphabet (IPA)]] can be used to represent [[Grekelin]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...abet (IPA)]] represents [[:Category:Ayeri language|Ayeri]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[w:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Iaskyon]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...ational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Moshurian]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Umbrean]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...ional Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Mihousapeja]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...tional Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Avendonian]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...nal Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[High Valyrian]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[w:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...ional Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Brittainese]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Kunarek]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

====Goidelic Alphabet==== ====Traditional Alphabet====

|scripts=* [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Matsu alphabet]]) ...kelë Kaujë Puhaa''' (''English: Common Elegant Language''), referred to in English as '''Matsu''', is the primary national language of the Matsu Union, set in

...ternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Jukpë]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...intain a culturally distinct identity, it is necessary to transition to an alphabet indigenous to the area. Runes were created to be carved, either on bark or English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today. There are, in fact, many such letters wh

Aelonian uses the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabet. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Luthic]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent

...olk's Tongue is one of the two official languages of Folk Nation alongside English, and is spoken by about 50% of their population. Modern Folk's Tongue evolv ...really similar to the English sound system. The grammar is very similar to English with some German or Scandinavian influence. Much of the vocabulary is disti

...The phoneme /xʷ/ is often pronounced [ɸ] while /χʷ/ is pronounced like the English [ʍ] with more friction. ==Alphabet==

...d the South Arabian alphabet also played a role in the development of this alphabet, as did printing, which was brought by the Portuguese and which introduced ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Aelatha|Aelathan]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...honetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Pamarėska|Pomorian]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...national Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Biscayan]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...h has a CCCVCCCC structure, 24 phonemes, 20 vowels or diphthongs gives the english language a total of 159 252 480, almost 160 MILLION possible syllables. So ====Alphabet====

...national Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Rangyayo]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Yenmun !! Example !! nearest English equivalent

...onal Phonetic Alphabet|kʷɪ'ma.rə]] ], Qymara: [ [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|qy'mɑ.χɑ]] ]) it's an aymor language spoken in Brazilian northwest. It's

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Attian]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

:''See also: [[Hantza/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]'' ...to that found in some northern dialects of [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]]. To English speakers it may sound like it is actually the post-alveolar fricative [ʃ].

...tp://koeraakii.jeiios.de/alphabet.php Alfabeetninũn Kõraakiinaf] (Kõraakii alphabet, Latin script) Kõraakii uses the English alphabet, but with a few extra letters added and a few removed. <br/>

...International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Cet]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Lôppic]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

The Cokkel alphabet contains all 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, each corresponding to one sound. Cokkel is analyzed as having 6 vowels and ! English

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

==Alphabet== ...ndo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as English, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. However, the languages close

...nal Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Maryan Coptic]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...(TV series)|''The Expanse'']] sci-fi book and TV series. It was made as an English creole, but its lexical base has features of Romance languages, Germanic la ...instead mixes vocabulary from various languages spoken on Earth, including English, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Estonian, Esperanto, French, Korean, Chinese,

...Innocenti. Its name is an intended pun as it's pronounced similarly to the english phrase "''you read''". *The alphabet uses ''special diacritics'' that create all sorts of problems to those that

===Alphabet=== |+Castellic alphabet

...a conworld called Olilónien. The language is written in its own script, an alphabet (which is akin to the Latin script on Earth). ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...ational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Kihā́mmic]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

...e until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habi !'''English'''

.... It's designed to be easy for me to pronounce but as syntactically unlike English, my L1, as I can bear. In universe it is spoken by a population of European Thulean is written in the Thulean alphabet but there is also an official scheme of romanisation which is endorsed by t

...ripts]], Ancient Sohcahtoan was probably written using a rudimentary runic alphabet to represent the phonology. However, as the Japanese scripts began to heavi ==== Alphabet ====

Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian. ====Alphabet====

...to be full posted publicly in 2022 with some learning e-books and a Tenok-English dictionary. ...ters (including の) and Manabi (Hangeul). Also, sometimes it uses the Latin alphabet for romanization.

...national Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Qafesona]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene ![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent

| image = [[File:Pser-endonym-in-alphabet.png|300px]] | imagecaption = The Psér endonym in the Pséri alphabet.

...will focus on "Pyrrityl" terms, however much like the Romantic-Germanic in English, the Pyrrityl vocabulary has been replaced in many parts with So'raan and s ===Alphabet===

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

The alphabet consists of 26 letters, six of which are vowels and 20 consonants. Contract ! colspan="26" | Letters of the Brest alphabet

|script = [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek alphabet]] ...uences, and a less a-posteriori bent. The language is written in the Greek alphabet and marks for breathing. In-universe, the Haeac language is the lingua-fran

...ical success. Grammars and dictionaries were published in Swedish, French, English, Italian, and German. Mondial uses 26 letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]], where k and w only occur in proper nouns and loan words <ref>https://www

...the Spanish ruling, which introduced many Spanish loanwords and the Latin Alphabet, introduced Middle Egcamino, which like Old Egcamino, has numerous works of ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

| scripts = Arnic abugida<br>Arnic alphabet [[File:Arnic-alphabet.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|The Arnic alphabet/abugida.]]

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

|scripts = [[wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic alphabet]] ([[Balaybalan Alphabet]]) ...the Arabic Alphabet. The grammar follows the lead of Persian, Turkish and English; like Turkish, it is agglutinating. Much of the lexis appears wholly invent

|scripts = * [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]]) :''Main article: [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]''

...n turn is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Panlaffic alphabet - P and L. The letter P began life as a representation of a river (Kihā́m *English: ''The Panlaffic languages''

...years. Having strict vowel sounds, and different sounds of consonants from English, the language is fairly easy and interesting to learn!--> There are 21 consonants in the alphabet of Altagüraba.

|nativename = [[w:Greek alphabet|ΧΙΡΑΘΙΣ]]<br/> hirathis ...is usually straightforward as Hirathic uses an older variant of the Greek alphabet. The only problem to this is the treatment of Χ, χ.

...language, sometimes referred to as “Neutral” or “the Neutral language” by English-speaking writers, created interest among international language enthusiasts |+ Idiom neutral alphabet (+ 1 digraph)

...[[w:Zulu language|Zulu]], [[w:Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[w:English language|English]] ...small>Cápa:</small> [[Help:IPA|[isi.kʰɐ́pɐ]]]), is an Afrikaans-Portuguese-English-Zulu-Xhosa [[w:Creole language|creole]] language spoken in the area between

<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP ...sible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. -->

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Hemaluan]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

Nouns were written all lowercased, like in English ...on the computer as well). It was almost identical to Old-Jeïos, expect its alphabet and that the nouns were written uppercased from now on. Here is one of the

...te done. My goal is to have a language that is as independent of my native English as possible, and that suits the personality of the Anzurian people who spea ...that few words could say much. Hence, it is a more synthetic language than English, and its syntax is much looser. However, with this freedom one must realize

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German. ==Alphabet==

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Rulhilli]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...4* consonants of Mala with IPA (left), romanisation (middle), and the Mala alphabet (right). ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP ...un is shown with a prefix, similar to the usage of 'un-' and 'non-' in the English language. Opposition is also shown with a prefix, especially in situations

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

===Alphabet=== ...e only way, so it is easy to start reading Novoslovnica after learning the alphabet and the phonology of the language.

...110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native spe ...ermanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; German, with over 100 millio

|posteriori = eight of the most common languages: English, Chinese (Beijing dialect), Hindi, Russian, Spanish, French, Japanese, Germ ...t to a minimum. An example of an obligatory category in [[English language|English]] is the time-tense of [[verb]]s, as it is impossible to express a [[finite

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> Omunninyo uses the Hangul alphabet, with a few changes. Namely, ㅃ represents the /β/ sound.

...s a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Oxman, Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German. ==Alphabet==

|scripts = * Mochadian Alphabet |+Mochadian Alphabet

...tional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Keeltyewarem]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

Jyglagi is written in the latin script. This is the alphabet in order: ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

===Alphabet=== ...French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutual

! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet ...tin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Joha

...age|Talossan]]<br><small>(official language)</small><br>[[English language|English]] |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] (Talossan alphabet)

Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions !English

...of roots makes up well over ¾ of the common lexicon. Borrowings come from English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali, Arabic, and Swahili at ...ode, and an Arabic mode, and an attempt is being made to create a featural alphabet that draws graphically from all of them.

...re all also based on diverse ancient characters, just like the rest of the alphabet.<ref name=prodnotes/> |+ [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] chart of Atlantean consonants

...y, similar to Hungarian. Its word order is considerably more flexible than English one, but the basic order is subject–verb–object (SVO). ...Carpathian became significant only in the XXth century, when the standard alphabet was created, similar to other Carpathian languages. A spelling reform was m

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...is a [[constructed language]] which was created by Joël Landais, a French English teacher. Uropi is a synthesis of European languages, explicitly based on th ...and has a working knowledge of modern Greek and Russian. Today, he teaches English in a [[Chartres]] college. Parallel to his training as a linguist, his trav

== Alphabet == ...alphabet was used in all regions. Unitɪxscan was always maintained but the alphabet changed through influence from the Roman SPQR (South) and later Russia thro

Unlike in English, plosives may never be aspirated and when /h/ is word final it is realised ===Alphabet===

...ts proximity to the islands; and Germanic languages - namely Old Norse and English.</p> Ædhige is written with the Latin alphabet and consists of 26 distinct letters, including 4 digraphs:

...h, with many [[calque]]s of English expressions, perhaps due to the strong English influence on written Swahili and Akan. For example, ''mu'' is 'in', ''to'' ...ink|dʒ}} and {{IPAblink|j}}. ''Ng'' is not a digraph, but pronounced as in English ''finger'', {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}.

...in which non-Romance vocabulary in Hivantish was transcribed in the Roman alphabet. ...a and Katharevousa), and spoken Hivantish which has lots of loanwords from English, Riphean, Greek and Nyvierfusiez.

...ople elsewhere, but any new speakers are taught to write with the Cyrillic alphabet. ...yrillic script uses the soft sign (Ьь). In older inscriptions of the Latin alphabet, a letter would take a diaeresis (eg. s̈, ḧ) instead, and the acute acce

The alphabet for Dyimkumt is relatively simple: ...sible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. -->

|script =Ongo (Kukʉp alphabet) ...''agent'' of a transitive verb is treated differently ('''ergative'''). In English, this would read as follows:

Kaikiwan uses the Latin alphabet, although with 15 letters instead of the usual 26. The Kaikiwan alphabet is mostly directly phonetic, with almost all the letters only corresponding

...nternational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Etlish]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Oltic]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...uages, namely [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Hindi]], [[Per ...ld, including [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Hindi]], [[Per

...ositions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds. Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence

'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old f ...uage at the time, but is variously written in the [[w:Latin script|Latin]] alphabet and (like the modern Gaju language) the Rttirri abugida, which is a Brahmic

...es of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

! [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...Latin alphabet is used almost exclusively, while the usage of the Cyrillic alphabet is limited to the [[w:Orthodox Slavs|Orthodox Church]] practices, some medi ...alects, and the letter "Щ" (and its lowercase "щ") being excluded from the alphabet. The letter "ѕ" which looks the same as a Latin "s" was occasionally used

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> |+ Table of The Knašta Alphabet

===Alphabet=== ...or when the source of the verb is unknown, similar to the passive voice in English, however, valency has fallen out of use in modern Marêngil.

...[[Romance languages]] and its grammar is influenced by [[English language|English]]. ...eath in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-04-03|title=Novial language, alphabet and pronunciation|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/novial.htm|website=w

...e Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet. For ease of use the Romanised alphabet is used throughout this article. ...ot a vowel is stressed in Lôppic, its pronunciation may change, just as in English, Portuguese and Russian. Stressed means that the vowel is a primary or stro

1.4 Alphabet ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

The alphabet consists of 25 letters, five of which are vowels and 20 consonants. Diacrit ! colspan="25" | Letters of the Tulvan alphabet

The English name ''Twench'' is ultimately derived from ''Tuihanti'', a Germanic tribe. ! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2"| Remarks

|script2=Matzerieu alphabet ...erpart. The aspirated consonants are strongly aspirated, even more than in English.

* [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Xanian alphabet]]) ===Alphabet===

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...''. 1) the language is taught in school electively. Concordantly, "World English" and other attempts to make individual, natural languages which belong to a ...lly, called [[Guosa]]. Swahili is largely a Bantu-unifier, but like using English, it is not neutral. We propose the creation of [[User:Aquatiki/Kintu|Kintu

Mannish uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet consisting of the following letters: ...y is largely regular, albeit not completely intuitive to speakers of, say, English. The vowels are fairly straightforward, while the consonants have more ambi

==Alphabet and Orthography== The Grekelin alphabet consists of 24 letters, six of which are vowels and 18 are consonants.

...r to those who know virtually any Romance or Slavic language, or even just English. Aemonian is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic, with the addition of <ŧ> for the voiceless i

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> Nṛtrāṇya was originally written in an alphabet carved into stone and wood; paper and parchment were not known until very l

...age ([[wikipedia:English language|English]]: [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA for English|[d͡ʒuːkpə]]], Jukpë: ''ghijúkpë'' [[IPA for Jukpë|[ɣìd͡ʒúk͡p� The table below shows how consonants correspond to the letters of the alphabet.

...ents the scope of the romance influence on the language. Additionally, the alphabet is greatly modified from the traditional Roman variant with a handful of re The thirty-two letter alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following bookstaves:

...110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native spea English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today. There are, in fact, many such letters wh

...áki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee'' Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the

...rnational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Sudyrnish]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...ulary of Persiran is probably 95% from French words. The other 5% are from English, Czech, Russian, or other languages in eastern europe. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

|script=[[w:Coptic alphabet|Coptic]]<br />[[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ...ew Coptic' and 'Neo-Egyptian'.These early drafts detailed a modified Latin alphabet as the language's primary writing system, and its phonology more atone with

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...rtlang created by Tariselan. Kawa takes some minor inspiration from Māori, English, Spanish, French, and Mandarin. The language itself is created with the int |+ Kawa Alphabet

Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originate 1. The native alphabet is ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.

Greko-Latina uses the 26 standard letters of the Latin alphabet with the addition of æ and œ. All letters have their IPA values except c ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...art, some 400 conjugations per verb. It is written in the polytonic Greek alphabet. (Unfortunately, it also requires a Unicode hack, that of a combining char ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

|script = Latin (Nousuerian alphabet) ...f the completion of the Nousuerian alphabet was made on Dec. 24, 1956. The alphabet was completely integrated into society by the end of the decade and with it

...rsk Kaläämi''''' variety has been influenced largely by Germanic languages(English, German, High German, Norwegian and Icelandic) and is the most distant vari ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...national Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Millennish]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...orm and when it is negative it is added in normal form, this is similar to english tag questions. ...n, needing a coverb before the determiner. These structures are similar to english echo questions.

==alphabet== ...ch less than the older version wich has 50 to 80 letters in there official alphabet. The ´ is for Aa , Ee , Oo and Uu used however The ` for Aa , Ee , Oo , Uu

...ing it more usable and freely available (as indicated by its official full English title, "Lojban: A Realization of Loglan"). After a long initial period of d ...d in root words being in their phonetic form a relatively equal mixture of English and Mandarin, with lesser influences from the other four.<ref>{{cite web|ur

|corresponds to ''y'' in English ''you'' |pronounced like 'e' in English 'me'

...t is suggested to do this before anything. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to name sounds in your language. If you are unsure on the use of the IPA yo ...sible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. -->

...tional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents Royal [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

'''Hatzonian''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|had͡zoniən}}]) is a Kardonian language spoken on the planet Hatzonian may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the native Hatzonian script.

...nal Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents standard [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...ernational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Cruckeny]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

'''Liðakuin''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌli.ðɐ.ˈkɵ̞jn}}]), also referred to as '''Lidakuin''' o ...is inspired by [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and [[w:English language|English]].

...lphabet (Kal.: ''nábev vérajávy''), originally an offshoot of the Nivarese alphabet. Its current orthography is morphophonemic, but toponyms and surnames are o ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

I definitely wouldn't mind learning the Korean or Hangul(or whatnot :p) alphabet for this. I definitely love the Elder Futhark runes also. They don't show u ...unreduced vowel for /ə/... There goes the myth about Swedes being good at English... --[[File:Admin.png|25px|link=http://conlang.wikkii.com/wiki/Conlang:Admi

...wasn't until about 100 years after the language was created that the Latin alphabet made its way to Siryn. The first generation was very simple and is still us ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...nternational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Gwaxol]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

'''Medyestani''' (Medyestani Alphabet: '''(Eʒvan) Meδȷecтani''' or '''Meðȷecтani''', ''also called'' '''Me ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...uage's features and offers therefore an appropriate introduction. Possible English translations are "the water language", "the water languages", "(a) water la === Alphabet ===

...ed orthography, early speakers adapted the Russian variant of the Cyrillic alphabet in order to write the language, which has been reformed haphazardly over ti ...uction. The language shares this particular feature with languages such as English, Thai, German, Russian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, Dutch, Europea

...Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents urban Anajrn [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...Alphabet|IPA]] represents northern Miuicusejrn [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...e ''Glosa'' (from the Greek word for tongue, language – “glossa” being the English transliteration), and thus founded a new auxiliary language.<ref name="GEO" ...Glosa Inter-reti Diktionaria. Glosa Internet Dictionary. Glosa-English and English-Glossa. (pdf) [http://www.glosa.org/gid/gid.pdf] Updated: 2009-11-05.</ref>

...tic Alphabet|IPA]] represents urban Miuicusejrn [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> Meoka is written vertically, using an alphabet, top to bottom, left to right.

# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospital''' (hospita ! scope="col" | Meaning in English

<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP ! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Example !! Translation

The Brittainese alphabet consists of 26 letters, six of which are vowels and twenty consonants. It u ! colspan="26" | Letters of the Avendonian alphabet

...honetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents urban Ritijrn [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

'''Elven''' (Ervfvgo) is a Japonic creole, which evolved from an English-based corruption of the Japanese language, and was primarily spoken among t Elven uses a modified version of Appius Claudius's alphabet, itself a version of Classical Latin orthography, notably incorporating the

| Writing System = N'Ko alphabet ...st=Dimgba|first=Njideka|date=20 March 2016|website=www.nico.gov.ng}}</ref> English also provides many of the more technical terms, either directly or through

...Alphabet|IPA]] represents southern Miuicusejrn [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

|script = [[w:Greek script|Greek]], [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...-the-Sambahsa-Grammar-in-English|title=Foreword to the Sambahsa Grammar in English|author=Dave MacLeod|year=2010|accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> ...ogy [http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/27811711/Sambahsa-pronunciation-in-English] has little to do with [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]], though the majori

| image = [[File:Uthilikh-in-alphabet.png|300px]] | scripts = * Moshurian alphabet

|fam4 = [[Old English]] ...Am.: [i:ðy:d]) is a fictional evolution of Old English. It is a version of English without French influence.

...onal Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents Ufhewat [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...= Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of ''kimauisch''.</ Kimow uses its own version of the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for writing.

The Sessian orthography uses the Latin alphabet with diacritics such as the diaresis, popularly known as the umlaut. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

Derived words are shown under the original word. Latin alphabet order is used to help unaccustomed users. |Sceptrian || Word Class || English

===Alphabet=== |+Biscayan alphabet

Rennic has two scripts; the Hanging Letters or Tylori, an alphabet adapted from the Dweskovi of Pedwar, and a romanization adapted from the sc ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

|script = Latin Alphabet ...d to be spoken by the members of the HoloCouncil (if you know the Hololive english second generation), since they have been here on the universe before the ap

...tion on the Silk Road. It is written using a modified version of the Greek alphabet (see below). The most significant modification is the presence of ϸ ("sho" ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...{cite book|first=Ute |last=Dons|title=Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ffwL7Gs14C&pg=PA21|access- ...te book|first=Henry G. |last=Van Leeuwen|title=The problem of certainty in English thought, 1630–1690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQXjQyIqVjcC&pg=

'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minorit ...of 26 consonants. It is variously written in the [[w:Latin script|Latin]] alphabet, the Rttirri abugida—which is a Brahmic script—the Burmese script, and

...ori = [[a posteriori language]], with elements of [[English language|English]], [[Hebrew]], [[Maori]] * While the English names of the letters of the alphabet are known, they do not obey rōŋo·ŋo Pāru phonotactics, so the names of

|script=[[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ! English

...ori = [[a posteriori language]], with elements of [[English language|English]], [[Tok Pisin]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Georgian language|Georgia .../ref> derived from [[Tok Pisin]] {{lang|tpi|tok}}, which itself comes from English "talk"; and {{lang|mis|pona}} (good/simple), from [[Esperanto]] {{lang|eo|b

===Alphabet=== *Qafesona Cyrillic alphabet; Ӄафесона кирилличски алфавит; Qafesona kirillič

...ternational Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents [[Soc'ul']] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

| script = [[Latin alphabet]]&nbsp;<!--&nbsp; needed to prevent default link to Latin script--> ...>Peano, Giuseppe (1915). ''Vocabulario Commune ad Latino-Italiano-Français-English-Deutsch pro usu de interlinguistas'' [https://sites.google.com/site/latinos

...onal Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents Zjiiama [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a gene

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

Czech, English, French and Spanish. UNESCO considers Czecklish to be "vulnerable", as it i ...record of an attempted translation by a local priest uses Göthe’s Czěcklíš alphabet, which is heavily inspired by the Polish orthography of that time.

Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German. ==Alphabet==

The tribe were practitioners of magic, having created the alphabet as originally magical symbols that later turned into their writing system, ''(Note: the full Yumodanese alphabet plus a chart for comparison to the other scripts will soon be added.)''

...ntionary:Annr#Anrish|Annr]]'', simply suffixed with [[:wikt:-ish|-ish]] in English to give "Annerish". The native term for "the Anneries" - ''ne hAnnray'' der ...known literature that has unfortunately declined after a brutal period of English colonisation in the 1700's. <br>

|posteriori=vocabulary from [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], and [[French language|French]] ...English Language, 5th ed.'' Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable. Ch.&nbsp;I ''English Present and Future''; Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2002)</ref> Volap�

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

=Alphabet= Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. V

|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> <!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IP

====Alphabet==== ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...and [ɹ] for the phoneme /r/, a feature common to many dialects of Scottish English and Scots. Currently, Cân Gert is written using a modified version of the Latin alphabet. The creator intends to eventually create a logographic system not unlike T

...evolving letters from ideograms, it appears many letters of the abjad and alphabet stages were innovated from other sources. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...ds from Turkish, Orkhun, Arabic, Persian, English, German, etc. Al Bakiyye Alphabet hat total 65 characters. There are 3 special literature type for this langu # There are "to be" like English and German. ('''ჰŧ - , Ϣર, ഥ''')

...arliest impression of Irish while falling back on my stronger knowledge of English and French. The grammar was largely completed before I had much experience ...y in regards to grammatical lenition, Head first and phonology in general. English and French are heavy influences as well due to my stronger knowledge of the

|ancestor=[[w:Old English|Old English]] ...hares much in common with Scots and English, all of which descend from Old English, and may be seen as part of a dialect continuum with those two languages. H

* Negation in complement clauses are not raised as in English ("I think not-X" = 'I don't think X') ...the first alphabet devised for the language. In addition Dheofáid uses an alphabet called "An Uathméal ___".

...d gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influen |'''Phonetic alphabet'''

Thurse is the usual term in English for any of the various ethnic groups possessing the European Pygmy phenotyp Dwendish Alphabet:

|script = [[Celabrian]], [[w:Latin_alphabet|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] [[File:Celabrian Alphabet.png|thumb|The Celabrian alphabet]]

=== Alphabet & Pronunciation === ...Northeadish is written using the [[Northeadish#The Reform Alphabet|Reform Alphabet]])

{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2010}} |posteriori='''Source languages''': [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese l

|script=Han characters<br/>Roundscript, Squarescript<br/>Cyrillic alphabet ...ká'+dzu'; csík+betű, literally "stripe letter"): called "Squarescript" in English; and Cyrillic, officially called ráddzú in Hungarian (蠃字 = Rác+dzu,

...url=https://elefen.org/introdui/engles.html|title=Elefen - Introduction in English|website=elefen.org|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Fluffy Bunnies" In 2008 Simon Davies started to make important updates to the LFN–English searchable "master" dictionary.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.arc

...atha = letter of the alphabet <- Heb אוֹת, Wilson's Uath keyboard from the Alphabet Series **uathméal = alphabet, from uath "letter" + méal "word"

|title=Esperanto-English Dictionary ...h (Latin) alphabet]], with no [[diacritic]]s. It draws its vocabulary from English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese, and is la

| script = Cyrillic ([[Dãterške language#Orthography|Danterian alphabet]]) ...ãterške''' (Даңтэршкэ, Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец), also known as '''Danterian''' (English calque) and '''Danterske''', is an [[auxiliary language|auxillary]] and att

|script = Elodian alphabet ...to other ancient scripts of Asia Minor like the [[w:Lydian alphabet|Lydian alphabet]].

...e phoneme ''ś'' is often analized as a voiceless alveolar stop (similar to English /t/ sound, but not aspirated), since it regularly gives /t/ in Alpian and /

===Alphabet=== .... Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.

There are 18 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]]<ref>''International Phonetic Alphabet''. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org</ref ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

!Sound ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) !Sound ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])

==Alphabet and Pronunciation== Maltcégj is also written using a featural alphabet which treats the vowels as diacritics, and also uses diacritics to describe

...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> The Latin alphabet of Carnian is close to a phonetic alphabet but with some historical spellings and letters. Glagolitic letters are also

...luence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English. ===Alphabet===

'''Rttirri''' (English: /ˈtɪəri/, homophonous with "teary") is the official language of [[Verse .... Other Pallava scripts include Thai, Lao, Burmese, and Khmer. However, an English transcription system was codified in the late 19th century, and is used on

Wenedyk uses the [[Polish alphabet]], which consists of the following 32 letters : ...ough somewhat looser than the other two as it uses a partially [[Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian orthography]], is called "Slevan". [http://wiki.frath.net/Slevan]

...fluenced by French and Latin but still an a priori conlang. It has its own alphabet which was actually created before the language itself. ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

...and its much smaller satellite islands, in addition to [[Dogric Frisian]], English and Dutch. It is the most widely spoken language on the island and the offi ...where all signage, education and government communication is done only in English.

|script= Free (All Alphabet) Hûr : Freedom in English.

...republic situated in North America. It borrows most of its vocabulary from English and French, and its phonology and orthography are based on (but not entirel ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

|pronunciation_key=International Phonetic Alphabet In English:<br>

Skerre is written using the roman alphabet. The symbols employed follow expected IPA values, excepting that /kʷ/ is ' ...use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>. ...equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a system similar to a [[w:singulative number|collective-sing

|script=[[w:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] ...y Roman painters. The speakers of this dialect of Hebrew also clung to the alphabet of their Phoenician and Israelite ancestors, never switching to the Assyria

...ipt until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the ====Avalonian Alphabet====

...fiction]] writer and [[w:University of Rochester|University of Rochester]] English professor Sarah Higley, under the pseudonym of [[w:Sally Caves|Sally Caves] ...was delighted to learn that adjectives follow nouns in Spanish, unlike in English, and made this the first rule of grammar in her language. Caves was further

|script=[[w:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] ...ingual or trilingual, it is not uncommon for them to mix Lebanese, Arabic, English or French into their daily speech.

...are instead altered and if necessary supplied with the letters used in the alphabet. The alphabet looks as follows: